Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory METALLURGY NISTIR 5965(cid:13) Technical Activities(cid:13) U.S. Department of Commerce(cid:13) Technology Administration(cid:13) 1996 National Institute of Standards (cid:13) and Technology Metallurgy(cid:13) (cid:13) Reaction of a molten metal droplet with a metallic substrate, showing partial dissolution of the substrate by the melt. The white lines are isoconcentrates of solute in the liquid. The figures are output of a model which is being developed to analyze reactive wetting of solders on electronic components. These studies are clarifying the interpretation of solderability tests used by the electronics industry. Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory METALLURGY C.A. Handwerker, Chief(cid:13) R.J. Schaefer, Deputy NISTIR 5965(cid:13) U.S. Department of Commerce(cid:13) Technology Administration(cid:13) National Institute of Standards (cid:13) and Technology Technical Activities(cid:13) 1996 M ENT OF CO RT MM A E P R E C D E U CA NI RI T E E M D STATES OF A U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE(cid:13) Michael Kantor, Secretary(cid:13) TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION(cid:13) Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology(cid:13) NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS (cid:13) AND TECHNOLOGY(cid:13) Arati Prabhakar, Director METALLURGY DIVISION CHIEF Carol A. Handwerker Phone (301) 975-6158 DEPUTY CHIEF Robert J. Schaefer Phone (301) 975-5961 GROUP LEADERS Electrochemical Processing Gery R. Stafford Phone (301) 975-6412 Magnetic Materials Robert D. Shull (301) 975-6035 Materials Performance E. Neville Pugh Phone (301) 975-4679 Materials Structure and Characterization Frank W. Gayle Phone: (301) 975-6161 Metallurgical Processing John R. Manning Phone: (301) 975-6157 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page RESEARCH STAFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 DENTAL AND MEDICAL MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Advanced Restorative Dental Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ELECTRONIC PACKAGING AND INTERCONNECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Lead-Free Solders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 High-Temperature Solder for Microelectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Electrochemical Characterization of Solders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Solderability Measurements and Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Solder Interconnect Design Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Stress Measurement in Electronic Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Solder Jet Printing for Microelectronics Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 EVALUATED MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Corrosion Data Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Magnetic Properties of Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 INTELLIGENT PROCESSING OF MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Solidification Path for Casting of Multicomponent Aerospace Alloys . . . . . . . . . . 35 Modeling of Alpha Case Thickness in Titanium Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Generation of Grain Defects Near Corners and Edges in Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Porosity in Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Thermophysical Data for Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Magnetics for Steel Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 MAGNETIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Giant Magnetoresistance Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Processing and Micromagnetics of Thin Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Standards in Computational Micromagnetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 METALS DATA AND CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Thermophysical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Magnetic Properties and Standard Reference Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Microstructural Studies of Complex Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Multilayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Hardness Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Lightweight Materials for Automotive Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Performance of Structural Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Performance of Metals in Corrosive Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Magnetic Imaging and Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Development of Scanning Acoustic Microscopy for Tomography of Stress . . . . . . 84 Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 v METALS PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Processing of Advanced Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Solidification Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Modeling and Simulation of Materials Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Powder Atomization and Spray Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Electrodeposition of Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Electrodeposited Standard Reference Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Electrodeposited Chromium from Trivalent Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Electrochemical Processing of Nanoscale Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 OTHER OUTPUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 PATENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 TECHNICAL/PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE LEADERSHIP ACTIVITIES . . . . . . . . 117 INDUSTRIAL/ACADEMIC INTERACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Industry/University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 SRMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Metallurgy Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Materials Science and Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 National Institute of Standards & Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 vi RESEARCH STAFF Division Office Handwerker, Carol A. • Interface thermodynamics and kinetics [email protected] • Solder wetting and spreading • Microstructure evolution Schaefer, Robert J. • Solidification of metals [email protected] • Defects in castings • Consolidation of metal powders Electrochemical Processing Group Beauchamp, Carlos R. • Compositionally modulated alloys [email protected] • Standard reference materials Johnson, Christian E. • Ultra-black coatings [email protected] • Electroless deposition process • Metallic glass alloy deposition • Microhardness SRM research • Chromium deposition • Pulse alloy deposition Kelley, David R. • Microhardness SRM development [email protected] • Dye penetrant SRM development • Precious metal electrodeposition • Plating on aluminum Moffat, Thomas P. • Electrochemistry [email protected] • Scanning probe microscopy • Nanostructures Mullen, Jasper L. • Development of automated hardness [email protected] testing • Electrochemical measurements for determining metal corrosion • Analytical spectroscopy Stafford, Gery R. • Electrochemical transients [email protected] • Electrodeposition • Molten salt electrochemistry Magnetic Materials Group Brown, Henrietta J. • High T superconductors c [email protected] • Magnetic force microscopy • Magnetization measurements • Magneto resistance vii • Micromagnetic modeling Donahue, Michael • Micromagnetic modeling [email protected] • Magnetic force microscopy Egelhoff, Jr., W. F. • Giant magnetoresistance [email protected] • Molecular beam epitaxy • Surface physics • Ultrahigh density data storage McMichael, Robert D. • Giant magnetoresistance [email protected] • Micromagnetic modeling • Ferromagnetic resonance • Nanocomposites • Magnetocaloric effect Shapiro, Alexander J. • Mössbauer effect [email protected] • Magneto-optical indicator film (MOIF) method • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) • X-ray microanalysis • Image analysis • Magnetic force microscopy Shull, Robert D. • Nanocomposites [email protected] • Magnetic susceptibility • Mössbauer effect • X-ray and neutron diffraction • Magneto-caloric and magneto-optical effects Swartzendruber, Lydon J. • Magnetic susceptibility [email protected] • Magnetic methods, NDE • Mössbauer spectroscopy • Barkhausen effect viii Materials Performance Group Clough, Roger C. • Micromechanical modeling [email protected] • Acoustic emission • Mechanical properties deWit, Roland • Fracture mechanics [email protected] • Dislocation theory • Stereology Fields, Richard J. • Mechanical properties [email protected] • Mechanical testing • Powder consolidation • Metal forming Foecke, Timothy J. • Nanostructured materials [email protected] • Experimental fracture physics • SEM, TEM, SPM • Micro- and nano-mechanics of materials • Dislocation-based deformation mechanisms Fraker, Anna C. • Titanium alloys [email protected] • Magnesium alloys • Corrosion processes • Surgical implants Hicho, George E. • Mechanical properties [email protected] • Failure analysis • Mechanical testing Low, III, Samuel R. • Hardness standards [email protected] • Hardness testing • Mechanical properties of materials • Mechanical testing of materials Pugh, E. Neville • Corrosion [email protected] • Environment-induced fracture • Mechanical properties ix Ricker, Richard E. • Corrosion [email protected] • Stress corrosion cracking • Hydrogen embrittlement • Corrosion fatigue • Corrosion of advanced materials • Electrochemical measurement techniques • Modeling corrosion and life prediction Smith, John H. • Mechanical properties of materials [email protected] • Fracture of materials • Structure integrity analysis • Pressure vessel technology • Mechanical testing standards Stoudt, Mark R. • Mechanical properties [email protected] • Electrochemical measurements • Corrosion fatigue • Environmentally induced cracking Sturrock, Charles P. • Corrosion informatics [email protected] • Modeling of materials performance and life prediction • Expert systems for corrosion control • Corrosion in aqueous industrial environments • Knowledge discovery in materials performance databases. Materials Structure and Characterization Group Adams, Jonice • Nanostructured materials [email protected] • X-ray diffraction Bendersky, Leonid A. • Functional ceramics [email protected] • Analytical and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy • Intermetallics for high temperature applications; order-disorder transformations x