Inorganic Micro- and Nanostructures This pageintentionallyleftblank Materials for Biomedical Engineering Inorganic Micro- and Nanostructures Edited by Valentina Grumezescu Lasers Department, National Institute for Laser Plasma & Radiation Physics, Romania Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2019ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroaden ourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationor methodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey haveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceor otherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthe materialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-08-102814-8 ForInformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionEditor:GwenJones EditorialProjectManager:EmmaHayes ProductionProjectManager:DebasishGhosh CoverDesigner:GregHarris TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents List ofContributors.................................................................................................xv Series Preface.........................................................................................................xix Preface....................................................................................................................xxi CHAPTER 1 Biomedical inorganic nanoparticles: preparation, properties, and perspectives........................................1 Magdalena Stevanovic´, MiodragJ. Lukic´, Ana Stankovic´, Nenad Filipovic´, Maja Kuzmanovic´ and Zˇeljko Janic´ijevic´ 1.1 Introduction....................................................................................1 1.2 Gold Nanoparticles.........................................................................2 1.3 Silver Nanoparticles.......................................................................5 1.4 Selenium Nanoparticles................................................................10 1.5 Copper Nanoparticles...................................................................11 1.6 Iron Nanoparticles........................................................................17 1.7 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles............................................................19 1.8 HydroxyapatiteNanoparticles......................................................24 1.9 Conclusions..................................................................................29 Acknowledgments.......................................................................29 References....................................................................................29 Further Reading...........................................................................45 CHAPTER 2 Inorganic composites in biomedical engineering.....47 MurthyChavali,PeriasamyPalanisamy, MariaP. Nikolova,Ren-Jang Wu, RavisankarTadiboyinaand P.T.S.R.K.Prasada Rao 2.1 Introduction andBackground.......................................................47 2.2 Categorization..............................................................................52 2.3 Components..................................................................................53 2.3.1 Matrices.............................................................................53 2.3.2 Fibers.................................................................................54 2.3.3 Particles.............................................................................56 2.3.4 Interface.............................................................................57 2.4 Preparation ofComposites...........................................................57 2.4.1 Composites Based onPolymer Matrix.............................57 2.4.2 Composites Based onCeramic Matrix.............................58 2.5 Properties ofComposites.............................................................59 2.6 Anomalies.....................................................................................62 2.6.1 Fracture and Fatigue Failure.............................................62 v vi Contents 2.7 Biological Response.....................................................................65 2.8 Applications in Biomedical Engineering.....................................66 2.8.1 Dentistry............................................................................66 2.8.2 Prostheticsand Orthotics..................................................68 2.8.3 Tissue Engineering............................................................69 2.8.4 Orthopedic.........................................................................70 2.9 Conclusions..................................................................................71 References....................................................................................72 Further Reading...........................................................................78 CHAPTER 3 Structural interpretation, microstructure characterization, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility study of pure and doped carbonated nanocrystalline hydroxyapatites synthesized by mechanical alloying..........................81 Sushovan Lalaand Swapan KumarPradhan 3.1 Introduction..................................................................................81 3.1.1 Carbonationin Biological Apatites..................................83 3.1.2 Importance ofZn, Mn, andMg asTrace Elements Present inBone.................................................83 3.2 Materialsand Methods.................................................................84 3.2.1 Mechanical Alloying.........................................................84 3.2.2 Sample Preparation byMA..............................................84 3.2.3 Spark Plasma Sintering.....................................................85 3.2.4 Sample Characterization...................................................86 3.2.5 Biological Studies.............................................................86 3.2.6 Method ofAnalysis...........................................................87 3.3 Results and Discussions...............................................................90 3.3.1 Phase Confirmation ofUnsintered HAp Samples From XRD Patterns...........................................................90 3.3.2 Confirmation of Carbonationin HAp byFTIR Analysis.............................................................................90 3.3.3 QuantitativePhase Estimation of Unsintered Samples Using Rietveld’s Method...................................92 3.3.4 ModificationinHAp Structure due toMn/Mg/Zn Substitution........................................................................94 3.3.5 HRTEM Analysis............................................................100 3.3.6 Microstructure Characterizations of the Spark Plasma Sintered Samples................................................103 3.3.7 Mechanical Properties ofthe Sintered HAp Samples...........................................................................107 Contents vii 3.3.8 Cytocompatibility Test....................................................111 3.4 Conclusions................................................................................113 References..................................................................................113 CHAPTER 4 Multiparticle composites based on nanostructurized arsenic sulfides As S in 4 4 biomedical engineering............................................119 Oleh Shpotyuk, Zdenka Bujnˇa´kova´, Peter Bala´zˇ, Yaroslav Shpotyuk and AdamIngram 4.1 Introduction................................................................................119 4.2 As S /ZnS NC Preparation Procedure.......................................120 4 4 4.2.1 Mechanochemical SynthesisofAs S /ZnS 4 4 NCs ina Dry-Milling Mode...........................................121 4.2.2 Mechanochemical SynthesisofAs S /ZnS-PX407 4 4 NSs ina Wet-MillingMode...........................................121 4.3 As S /ZnS NC Characterization Methodology.........................121 4 4 4.3.1 Atomic-Relevant Structure.............................................121 4.3.2 Atomic-Deficient Structure.............................................123 4.3.3 Biological Activity..........................................................126 4.4 NP-Guided Functionality inAs S /ZnS NCs............................127 4 4 4.4.1 Characterization of As S /ZnS NCs Prepared 4 4 in aDry-Milling Mode...................................................127 4.4.2 Atomic-Deficient Structure of As S /ZnS NCs.............130 4 4 4.4.3 Characterization of As S /ZnS-PX407 NSs 4 4 Prepared in aWet-Milling Mode....................................140 4.4.4 Biological Activity ofAs S /ZnSNPs...........................142 4 4 4.5 Conclusions................................................................................147 References..................................................................................148 CHAPTER 5 Quaternary ammonium compound derivatives for biomedical applications.....................................153 MariMiura Sugii, Fa´bio Augusto de Souza Ferreira, Karina Cogo Mu¨ller, UbirajaraPereiraRodrigues Filho and Fla´vio HenriqueBaggioAguiar 5.1 Background.................................................................................153 5.2 BiofilmTreatment andPrevention............................................154 5.3 Quaternary AmmoniumCompounds and Their Chemistry......155 5.3.1 Cationic Acrylatesand CationicSilanes........................156 5.3.2 QuaternaryAmmonium Compound Disinfectants and Preservatives.............................................................161 viii Contents 5.3.3 InSitu Quaternization ofTertiaryAminesto Form Quaternary AmmoniumCompounds and Nanoparticle Functionalization.......................................162 5.4 Variables Influencing the Antimicrobial Properties of QuaternaryAmmonium Compound......................................164 5.5 Cytotoxicity................................................................................167 5.6 Antimicrobial Resistance...........................................................168 5.7 Remarks......................................................................................168 References..................................................................................169 CHAPTER 6 Block copolymer micelles as nanoreactors for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles...................177 Rajpreet Kaur and Poonam Khullar 6.1 Introduction................................................................................177 6.1.1 Poloxamersand Poloxamines.........................................178 6.1.2 Micelle Architectureand Mixed Micelles......................181 6.1.3 Synthesisof VariousMorphologies of Gold Nanoparticles...................................................................183 6.1.4 Bimetallic Nanoparticles.................................................189 6.1.5 Comparisonof Poloxamers and Poloxamines................190 6.2 Biomedical Applications............................................................195 6.3 Study Results..............................................................................199 6.4 FuturePerspectives....................................................................202 References..................................................................................203 Further Reading.........................................................................209 CHAPTER 7 Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications.............211 Nguyen Hoang Nam and Nguyen Hoang Luong 7.1 Introduction................................................................................211 7.2 Synthesis ofNanoparticles.........................................................212 7.2.1 ChemicalReduction........................................................212 7.2.2 Coprecipitation................................................................212 7.2.3 Seeding............................................................................213 7.2.4 Microemulsion and Inverse Microemulsion...................213 7.2.5 Hydrothermal Method.....................................................213 7.2.6 Sonoelectrodeposition.....................................................214 7.3 Functionalization/Coating ofNanoparticles..............................214 7.3.1 Functionalizationof Nanoparticles.................................214 7.3.2 Silica Coating ofMagnetic Nanoparticles.....................215 7.3.3 Multifunctional Nanoparticles........................................215 7.4 Applications................................................................................218 Contents ix 7.4.1 Application ofGold Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Cell Detection.....................................................218 7.4.2 Basal Cell CarcinomaFingerprinted Detection.............219 7.4.3 Antibacterial Test Using Silver Nanoparticles...............222 7.4.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles..................................................223 7.4.5 Applications ofMultifunctional Nanoparticles..............230 7.5 Conclusion and Perspectives......................................................232 Acknowledgment.......................................................................233 References..................................................................................233 CHAPTER 8 Multimodal magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications: importance of characterization on biomimetic in vitro models.....241 Mojca Pavlin,DasˇaZupancˇicˇ, Jasna Lojk, Klemen Strojan and Mateja Erdani Kreft 8.1 Introduction................................................................................241 8.2 Characterization ofMultimodal Magnetic Nanoparticles.........242 8.2.1 Properties of MagneticNanoparticles............................242 8.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticle Properties Change in Physiological Fluids....................................................244 8.2.3 Methodsfor Characterization of Physicochemical Properties of MagneticNanoparticles............................245 8.2.4 Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticle Mobility in3DGels and inthe Artificial ExtracellularMatrix........................................................246 8.3 CurrentBiomedical Applications ofMultimodal MagneticNanoparticles..............................................................247 8.3.1 Molecular Isolation and MagneticSeparation...............248 8.3.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles asDelivery Vectors.................248 8.3.3 CellLabeling...................................................................249 8.3.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles asContrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance.................................................249 8.3.5 Magnetofection...............................................................250 8.3.6 Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia.........................................251 8.3.7 Perspectives of MagneticNanoparticle Biomedical Applications.................................................251 8.4 Endocytosis andIntracellular Fate ofMultimodal MagneticNanoparticles..............................................................251 8.4.1 Different Endocytic Pathways........................................252 8.4.2 Uptake Pathway Depends Mainly on the Properties of Nanoparticles andthe Cell Type..............253