Materialien aus der Bildungsforschung Nr. 66 Paul B. Baltes / Margret M. Baltes / Alexandra M. Freund / Frieder Lang THE MEASUREMENT OF SELECTION, OPTIMIZATION, AND COMPENSATION (SOC) BY SELF REPORT: TECHNICAL REPORT 1999 Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung Berlin 1999 GW ISSN 0173-3842 ISBN 3-87985-075-5 Paul B. Baltes /Alexandra M. Freund Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany (e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]) Margret M. Baltes Free University of Berlin, Department of Gerontopsychiatry, Nußbaumallee 38, 14050 Berlin, Germany (t 28.01.1999) Frieder R. Lang Frieder R. Lang is now at the Humboldt University of Berlin, Department of Sociology, Social Psychology and Education, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 7, 10099 Berlin, Germany (e-mail: [email protected]) Materialien aus der Bildungsforschung Nachdruck, auch auszugsweise, ist nur mit Zustimmung des Instituts gestattet. ©1999 Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin. Bestellungen werden erbeten an die Institutsadresse. Der vorliegende Band 66 der Reihe kostet DM 11,- Selbstkostenpreis, einschließlich 7% MwSt) zuzüglich DM 3,- Versandpauschale. GW ISSN 0173-3842 ISBN 3-87985-075-5 Table of Contents Kurze Deutsche Zusammenfassung 1. Introduction 1.1. Brief English Summary 3 1.2. Overview of Studies: Samples and Procedures 1.2.1. Sample Description of "ALLEE Successful Aging Study" 5 1.2.2. Sample Description of BASE 5 2. Questionnaire Development 2.1. English Version 2.1.1. English Instruction 6 2.1.2. Original German Items in English 2.1.2A. Long Version 7 2.1.2.2. Short Version 11 2.2. German Version 2.2.1. German Instruction 13 2.2.2. Original German Items 2.2.2.1. Long Version 15 2.2.2.2. Short Version 19 2.3. Revision of Items 2.3.1. Proposed Changes of English Items 21 2.3.2. Proposed Changes of German Items 23 2.4. Response Format 26 3. Descriptives and Frequencies: Original German Version 3.1. Data from "ALLEE Successful Aging Study" 27 (48 Items, N = 480, Age-Range 20-90 Years) 3.2. Data from BASE 52 (12 Items, N = 202, Age-Range 73-103 Years) 4. Factor Analyses: Original German Version 4.1. Data from "ALLEE Succesful Aging Study" 60 (48 Items, N = 480, Age-Range 20-90 Years) 4.1.1. Exploratory Factor Analyses (16 Parcels of 3 Items each) 61 4.1.2. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (16 Parcels of 3 Items each) 63 4.1.3. Exploratory Factor Analyses (12 Parcels of 4 Items each) 64 4.1.4. Confirmatory Factor Analyses (12 Parcels of 4 Items each) 65 4.2. Data from BASE (12 Items, N = 202, Age-Range 73-103 Years) Exploratory Factor Analyses 66 4.3. Temporal Invariance of Factor Structure Data from an additional sample (36 Items, N=218, Age-Range 14-87 Years) 4.3.1. Sample Description 67 4.3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analyses 67 5. Reliability Analyses: Original German Version 5.1. Data from "ALLEE Succesful Aging Study" (48 Items, N = 480, Age-Range 20-90 Years) 5.1.1. Intercorrelations of Subscales 69 5.1.2. Internal Consistency 69 5.1.3. Item-Total Correlations 70 5.2. Data from BASE (12 Items, N = 202, Age-Range 73-103 Years) 5.2.1. Intercorrelations of Subscales 72 6. Empricially derived short version of the SOC-questionnaire 73 7. Publications Related to the Application of SOC 74 S OC -Questionnaire Technical Report Deutsche Zusammenfassung Dieser Technische Bericht stellt Informationen über einen Fragebogen zusammen, der entwickelt wurde, um die Entwicklungsprozesse der Selektion, Optimierung und Kompensation zu erfassen. Der Fragebogen wurde im Kontext von Projekten am Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung, Berlin (P. B. Baltes & A. M. Freund) und an der Freien Universität Berlin (M. M. Baltes & F. R. Lang) entwickelt, die der empirischen Untersuchung des Modells der Selektiven Optimierung mit Kompensation (SOK) von P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (1990) dienen. SOK ist eine Metatheorie. Die Spezifikation von SOK variiert in Abhängigkeit des jeweils betrachteten Funktionsbereichs und des theoretischen Rahmens. Tabelle 1 illustriert die Bedeutung der drei Komponenten innerhalb eines handlungstheoretischen Rahmens. In diesem Rahmen kann SOK folgendermaßen konzeptualisiert werden: Die Begrenzung von Ressourcen (z.B. Zeit, Energie), die der menschlichen Existenz innewohnt, macht die Selektion von Zielen (Funktionsbereichen) notwendig, da nicht alle Möglichkeiten verfolgt werden können. Um ein optimales Funktionsniveau in den ausgewählten (Ziel-)Bereichen zu erreichen, müssen interne oder externe Ressourcen erworben, verfeinert und eingesetzt werden (Optimierung). Um schließlich ein gegebenes Funktionsniveau angesichts von Verlusten in zielrelevanten Mitteln aufrechterhalten zu können, müssen kompensatorisch Ressourcen eingesetzt werden. Typische Beispiele von Selektion, Optimierung und Kopmensation sind in Tabelle 1 aufgelistet. Diese Tabelle diente auch als Grundlage, auf der die im SOK-Fragebogen enthaltenen Items formuliert wurden. In diesem Technischen Bericht werden der Fragebogen und seine psychometrischen Eigenschaften auf der Grundlage dreier verschiedener Studien vorgestellt: (1) ALLEE-Studie zum erfolgreichen Altern (M. M. Baltes, & Lang, 1996), (2) MPI Fragebogenstudie (Freund, & P. B. Baltes, 1999) und (3) Berliner Altersstudie (BASE; Freund, & P. B. Baltes, 1998). Detailliertere Informationen über das SOK-Modell, die Untersuchungsstichproben und die Ergebnisse der Studien, deren Daten hier teilweise berichtet werden, können der Literatur lis te am Ende des Berichts entnommen werden. SOC-Questionnaire Technical Report 1. Introduction 1.1. Brief English Summary The purpose of this Technical Report is to provide information about a questionnaire developed to assess selection, optimization, and compensation. The questionnaire was developed within the context of projects conducted at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin (P. B. Bakes & A. M. Freund) and the Free University of Berlin (M. M. Baltes & F. R. Lang) aimed at empirically investigating the model of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) proposed by P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (1990). SOC is a metatheory. Its specification varies by the domain of functioning considered and by the particular theoretical approach. Table 1 illustrates the meaning of the three components taking an action-theoretical approach. In this framework, SOC can be conceptualized in the following way: The limitation of resources (e.g., time, energy) inherent to human existence necessitates selection of goals (domains of functioning) because not all opportunities can be pursued. To reach optimal levels of functioning in the selected (goal-)domains, one needs to acquire, allocate, and refine internal or external resources (optimization). Finally, to maintain a given level of functioning when confronted with loss or decline in goal-relevant means, compensatory processes are needed. The prototypical instances of selection, optimization, and compensation listed in Table 1 also provided the framework for formulating the items included in the SOC- questionnaire. In the following, we will present the questionnaire and its psychometric properties based on data stemming from two studies: (1) ALLEE Successful Aging Study (M. M. Baltes, & Lang, 1998), and (2) Berlin Aging Study (BASE; Freund, & P. B. Baltes, 1998). More detailed information about the SOC model, the sample, design and results of the studies on which the data reported here are based, can be found in the respective articles in the list of references at the end of the report. Table 1 Selection, Optimization, and Compensation Embedded in an Action-Theoretical Framework fFreund & Bakes. 1998) Selection Optimization Compensation (goals / preferences) (goal-relevant means) (means / resources for counteracting loss / decline in goal-relevant means) elective selection - attentional focus - substitution of means - specification of goals - seizing the right moment - use of external aids/ help of others - goal system (hierarchy) -persistence - use of therapeutic intervention - contextualization of goals - acquiring new skills/resources - acquiring new skills/resources - goal-commitment -practice of skills - activation of unused skills/resources - effort/energy - increased effort/energy loss-based selection - time allocation - increased time allocation - focusing on most important goal(s) - modelling successful others - modelling successful others who compensate - reconstruction of goal hierarchy -neglect of optimizing other means - adaptation of standards - search for new goals 1.2. Overview of Studies: Samples and Procedures 1.2.1. Sample Description of "ALLEE Succesful Aging Study" Participants in the ALLEE Successful Aging Study (N = 478) were selected through probability sampling of young, middle-aged and older adults of ages 20 to 90 years (M = 55.6; SD = 21.2). Participants were drawn from the local registration office stratified by age and sex, that is, each group of young, middle-aged and older adults includes 80 men and 80 women. Because probability sampling was used in recruiting participants, sample characteristics also represent the heterogeneity of characteristics within the Berlin population. 1.2.2. Sample Description of Berlin Aging Study (BASE) The sample of N = 202 comprises the longitudinal "survivors" of the 516-sample of the first measurement occasion of the Berlin Aging Study (BASE, for a detailed description of this heterogeneous sample that was stratified by age and sex, see P. B. Baltes & Smith, 1997). The percentage of surviving BASE participants who completed the third wave of data-collection was 66%, that is, 206 of 313. N = 4 of the current 206- sample did not respond to any of the SOC-related items and were excluded from analyses. The participants of the N = 202-sample (51% women) were aged between 72.7 to 102.7 years (M = 83.4 yrs, SD = 6.83 yrs). The original (N = 516) and continuing (N = 202) samples did not differ significantly regarding educational attainment. However, when compared to the original sample, participants who completed this second longitudinal assessment felt subjectively more healthy. In earlier selectivity analyses (Lindenberger, Gilberg, Pötter, Little, & P. B. Baltes, 1996), it was demonstrated that there are only minor selectivity effects with regard to level of functioning in the BASE-sample. SOC-Questionnaire Technical Report 2. Questionnaire Development 2.1. English Version 2.1.1. English Instruction: Domain-general and domain-specific versions of the SOC-questionnaire can be constructed by inserting target domains into blanks. fAVTemplate" We are very interested in learning about how you go about accomplishing things in the domain of . That is, how do you decide what is important to you in the domain of ? And how do you go about accomplishing what you want in the domain of ? In the following, we present examples of two different ways people might behave. Imagine there are two people talking about what they would do in a particular situation. We would like you to decide which person is most similar to you ~ in other words, which one behaves most like the way you probably would. Now, think about your that is, both things that you want to improve and things that you are satisfied with and want to maintain in the domain of (B) Domain-general Instruction: Life-management We are very interested in learning about how you decide which things in life are important for you and how you go about accomplishing what you want in life. In the following, we present examples of two different ways people might behave. Imagine there are two people talking about what they would do in a particular situation. We would like you to decide which person is most similar to you - in other words, which one behaves most like the way you probably would. Now, think about your life overall, including how things are going, think about your goals ~ that is, both things that you want to improve and things that you are satisfied with and want to maintain. SOC-Questionnaire Technical Report 2.1.2. Original German Items in English 2.1.2.1. Long Version (\2 Items) I. Elective Selection item Target Distractor ESI I concentrate all my energy on few things. I divide my energy among many things. ES2 I always focus on the one most important goal I am always working on several goals at at a given time. once. ES3 When I think about what I want in life, I Even when I really consider what I want in commit myself to one or two important goals, life, I wait and see what happens instead of committing myself to just one or two particular goals. ES4 To achieve a particular goal, I am willing to Just to achieve a particular goal, I am not abandon other goals. willing to abandon other ones. ES5 I always pursue goals one after the other. I always pursue many goals at once, so that I easily get bogged down. ES6 I know exactly what I want and what I don't I often only know what I want as the result of want. a situation. ES7 When I decide upon a goal, I stick to it. I can change a goal again at any time. ES8 I always direct my attention to my most I always approach several goals at once, important goal. ES9 I make important life decisions. I don't like to commit myself specific life decisions.. ES 10 I consider exactly what is important for me. I take things as they come and carry on from there. ES 11 I don't have many goals in life that are equally I have many goals in life that are equally important to me. important to me. ES 12 I have set my goals clearly and stick to them. I often adapt my goals to small changes.