Mastering 0 Social Welfare Macmillan Master Series Accounting German AdvancedEnglish Language German2 Arabic Hairdressing Astronomy Human Biology Banking Italian Basic Management Italian 2 Biology Japanese British Politics Manufacturing BusinessCommunication Marketing BusinessLaw Mathematics BusinessMicrocomputing MathematicsforElectricaland CProgramming ElectronicEngineering CateringScience Modern British History CateringTheory Modern EuropeanHistory Chemistry Modern World History COBOLProgramming Pascal Programming Commerce Philosophy ComputerProgramming Photography Computers Physics Databases Psychology EconomicandSocial History PureMathematics Economics RestaurantService ElectricalEngineering Science ElectronicandElectricalCalculations SecretarialProcedures Electronics Social Welfare EnglishasaForeign Language Sociology English Grammar Spanish English Language Spanish2 EnglishLiterature Spreadsheets English Spelling Statistics French Study Skills French 2 Word Processing oMastering Social Welfare Third edition Pat Young ~ MACMIllAN ©PatYoung,1985, 1989, 1995 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copy ortransmission ofthispublicationmaybemade withoutwrittenpermission. Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedor transmittedsave withwritten permissionorinaccordancewith theprovisionsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct 1988, orunderthetermsofany licencepermittinglimitedcopying issuedbytheCopyrightLicensing Agency,90TottenhamCourt Road, LondonWIP9HE. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorisedactinrelationto thispublicationmaybeliabletocriminalprosecutionand civilclaimsfordamages. Firstedition 1985 Reprintedthreetimes Second edition 1989 Reprintedsixtimes Thirdedition 1995 Published by MACMILLANPRESSLTD Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG21 2XS andLondon Companiesandrepresentatives throughouttheworld ISBN978-0-333-63199-7 ISBN978-1-349-13680-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-13680-3 Acataloguerecord forthisbookisavailable from theBritishLibrary. 10 9 8 7 65432 1 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 For my father o Contents List ofplates xi List offiguresand tables xii Acknowledgements xiii 1 Peoplein society 1 I.l Introduction 1 1.2 Understanding social behaviour 9 1.3 Socialclass 17 1.4 Race and racism 22 Furtherreading 37 Usefuladdresses 38 2 Familylife 39 2.1 Functionsofthe family 39 2.2 Family structures 40 2.3 Marriage 43 2.4 Divorce 47 2.5 Single-parentfamilies 49 2.6 Violence inthe family 53 2.7 The family and the welfare state 61 Furtherreading 63 Usefuladdresses 64 3 Povertyand welfare 65 3.1 Defining and measuring poverty 65 3.2 Understanding poverty 72 3.3 The effects ofpoverty 77 3.4 The reliefofpoverty 79 3.5 Issues inwelfare 92 Furtherreading 95 Usefuladdresses 95 4 Unemployment 96 4.1 Typesofunemployment 96 4.2 New patternsofemployment 96 4.3 The numbersofunemployed people 97 4.4 The distributionof unemployment 99 vii viii Contents 4.5 Theeffectsandcostsofunemployment 102 4.6 Government programmesonunemployment 106 Further reading 112 5 Housingand homelessness 113 5.1 Socialpolicyand housing 113 5.2 Typesofhousingtenure 116 5.3 Housingand race 127 5.4 Homelessness 128 5.5 Bad housingand rehabilitation 135 Furtherreading 141 Usefuladdresses 141 6 Living in cities 143 6.1 Urban andrural societies 143 6.2 Britain'sinner-cities 144 6.3 Inner-citycase studies 149 6.4 Inner-citypolicies 152 Furtherreading 162 Usefuladdresses 162 7 Schoolingin Britain 163 7.1 Theeducationsystem 163 7.2 Provisionofschooling inBritain 165 7.3 Primaryandsecondaryeducation 171 7.4 Further and higher education 177 7.5 Privateeducation 180 7.6 Specialeducation 182 7.7 Educationandwelfare 185 7.8 Inequalityineducation 186 Furtherreading 194 Usefuladdresses 195 8 Personalsocialservices 196 8.1 The originsofsocialservicedepartments 196 8.2 Socialwork 198 8.3 Socialworkers 200 8.4 Organisation ofsocialservices departments 201 8.5 Raceandsocialwork 204 8.6 Home help services 206 Further reading 207 Usefuladdresses 207 9 Communitycare 208 9.1 What is 'communitycare'? 208 9.2 The historyofcommunitycare development 209 Contents IX 9.3 Can communitycare work? 214 Furtherreading 223 Useful addresses 223 10 Childrenin trouble 224 10.1 The historical background 224 10.2 Care andprotectionofchildren 225 10.3 Provisionforchildren and young people 230 10.4 Treatmentor punishmentforyoung offenders? 237 10.5 Provisionforyoung offenders 239 Furtherreading 246 Useful addresses 246 11 Mentalillness 247 11.1 Attitudes to mental illness 247 11.2 The causes of mental illness 250 11.3 The lawand mental illness 251 11.4 Treatmentof mental illness 252 Furtherreading 258 Useful addresses 258 12 Learningdisability 259 12.1 Defining 'learningdisability' 259 12.2 Provisionfor people with alearning disability 260 12.3 Advocacy 265 Furtherreading 266 Useful address 266 13 Oldage 267 13.1 Population trends 267 13.2 Attitudes tooldage 270 13.3 Elderly people and poverty 271 13.4 Housing 272 13.5 Health 276 13.6 Segregation 277 Furtherreading 282 Useful addresses 282 14 Disability 283 14.1 What isa 'disability'? 283 14.2 Acceptance 284 14.3 Finance 285 14.4 Employment 287 14.5 Education 289 14.6 Aids and support services 290 14.7 Access 292 x Contents 14.8 Residential accommodation 292 Further reading 293 Useful addresses 293 15 Healthand the healthservices 294 15.1 Health, society and theenvironment 294 15.2 The aimsandorganisationofthe NHS 295 15.3 Policy issues 302 Further reading 314 Useful addresses 314 16 Thevoluntarysector 315 16.1 Statutoryand voluntary organisations 315 16.2 Definitionsof voluntary organisations 315 16.3 The work of voluntary organisations 317 16.4 The advantagesand disadvantagesof voluntary organisations 326 Further reading 330 Usefuladdresses 330 17 Policyissues in welfare 332 17.1 Theoretical perspectivesonwelfare 332 17.2 Expenditure onsocialservices 337 17.3 Social services: aredistributorofwealth? 338 17.4 Administrationofwelfare 339 17.5 Privatisation 341 17.6 Universalor selective welfare 343 17.7 Positiveaction 344 Furtherreading 346 Researchingand writingprojects 347 Notesand references 351 Glossary ofterms 363 Index 375