Peterson’s M ASTER TOEFL V OCABULARY 00_TOEFL Vocab FM,i-x 1 8/9/06, 10:13 About Peterson’s, A Nelnet Company Peterson’s (www.petersons.com) is a leading provider of education information and advice, with books and online resources focusing on education search, test preparation, and financial aid. Its Web site offers searchable databases and interactive tools for contacting educational institutions, online practice tests and instruction, and planning tools for securing financial aid. Peterson’s serves 110 million education consumers annually. For more information, contact Peterson’s, A Nelnet Company, 2000 Lenox Drive, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648; 800- 338-3282; or find us on the World Wide Web at: www.petersons.com/about Portions of this book were previously published in Reading and Vocabulary Workbook for the TOEFL Exam and Ultimate Word Success. © 2006 by Elizabeth Davy and Karen Davy TOEFL is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service (ETS). This book is not endorsed or approved by ETS. Editor: Wallie Walker Hammond; Manufacturing Manager: Ray Golaszewski ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems—without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN-13: 978-0-7689-2328-5 ISBN-10: 0-7689-2328-X Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 08 07 06 First Edition 00_TOEFL Vocab FM,i-x 2 8/9/06, 10:13 Petersons.com/publishing Check out our Web site at www.petersons.com/publishing to see if there is any new information regarding the test and any revisions or corrections to the content of this book. We’ve made sure the information in this book is accurate and up-to-date; however, the test format or content may have changed since the time of publication. 00_TOEFL Vocab FM,i-x 3 8/9/06, 10:13 OTHER TITLES IN SERIES: Peterson’s Master TOEFL Reading Peterson’s Master TOEFL Writing Skills 00_TOEFL Vocab FM,i-x 4 8/9/06, 10:13 Contents ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Before You Begin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii How This Book Is Organized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Special Study Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii You’re Well on Your Way to Success. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Give Us Your Feedback. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii Top 10 Strategies to Raise Your Score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix PART I: TOEFL VOCABULARY BASICS 1 All About TOEFL Vocabulary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Vocabulary on the TOEFL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Strategies for Learning and Remembering New Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 PART II: DIAGNOSING STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES 2 Practice Test 1: Diagnostic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Answer Key and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 PART III: TOEFL VOCABULARY REVIEW 3 Words in Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Strategies for Defining Words from Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4 Everyday and Specific Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Strategies for Learning Related Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 How Thoughts Are Related. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5 All About Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Word Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Strategies for Learning Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 How Roots Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 v 00_TOEFL Vocab FM,i-x 5 8/9/06, 10:13 vi Contents ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Learning Words with Greek Roots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 ○ ○ Learning Words with Latin Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 ○ ○ Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 ○ ○ Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 ○ ○ Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 ○ ○ 6 All About Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 ○ ○ ○ Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 ○ ○ Strategies for Learning Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 ○ ○ How Prefixes Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 ○ ○ Learning Words with Greek Prefixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 ○ ○ Learning Words with Latin Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 ○ ○ Prefixes for Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 ○ ○ Anglo-Saxon Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 ○ ○ Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 ○ ○ Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 ○ ○ Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 ○ ○ 7 All About Suffixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 ○ ○ ○ Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 ○ ○ Strategies for Learning Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 ○ ○ How Suffixes Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 ○ ○ Suffixes That Describe State of Being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 ○ ○ Suffixes That Indicate Occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 ○ ○ Suffixes That Show Resemblance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 ○ ○ Suffixes That Show Amount. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 ○ ○ Twelve Useful Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 ○ ○ Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 ○ ○ Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 ○ ○ Summing It Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 ○ ○ ○ PART IV: TWO PRACTICE TESTS ○ ○ ○ Practice Test 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 ○ ○ Answer Key and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 ○ ○ Practice Test 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 ○ ○ ○ Answer Key and Explanations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ www.petersons.com ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 00_TOEFL Vocab FM,i-x 6○ 8/9/06, 10:13 ○ Before You Begin ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED If you are preparing for any version of the TOEFL, you are not alone. Almost a million people all over the world took the TOEFL last year. A high score on this test is an essential step in being admitted to undergraduate or graduate programs at almost all colleges and universities in North America. But prepar- ing for this test can be a difficult, often frustrating, experience. Peterson’s Master TOEFL Vocabulary, used as a self-tutor, will help you improve your vocabulary skills. You’ll learn many of the “right” words—words you don’t already know but that are likely to appear on your test. • Top 10 Strategies to Raise Your Score gives you test-taking strategies. • Part I provides TOEFL vocabulary basics, including strategies for learning and remembering new words. • Part II provides a diagnostic test to determine your strengths and weak- nesses. • Part III provides the basic vocabulary review. The words you’ll encounter start with those that are relatively simple. They become relatively difficult as you continue through the book. Various learning strategies, such as learning root words, are reviewed. • Part IV consists of two additional practice vocabulary tests. They will show you how well you have mastered the vocabulary skills presented in this book. SPECIAL STUDY FEATURES Peterson’s Master TOEFL Vocabulary is designed to be user-friendly. To this end, it includes features to make your preparation much more efficient. Overview The review chapters begin with a bulleted overview, listing the topics to be covered in the chapter. This will allow you to quickly target the areas in which you are most interested. vii 00_TOEFL Vocab FM,i-x 7 8/9/06, 10:13 viii Before You Begin ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Bonus Information ○ ○ ○ As you work your way through the book, keep your eyes on the margins to find the following: ○ ○ ○ NOTE ○ ○ Notes highlight critical information about improving your vocabulary. ○ ○ ○ ○ TIP ○ ○ Tips draw your attention to valuable concepts, advice, and shortcuts for tackling the ○ ○ harder vocabulary words. ○ ○ ○ ○ Summing It Up ○ ○ ○ The review chapter ends with a point-by-point summary that captures the most ○ ○ important concepts. They are a convenient way to review the chapter’s key points. ○ ○ ○ Practice Tests ○ ○ ○ The three practice tests, including the diagnostic test, are designed to help you prepare ○ ○ with little anxiety. ○ ○ ○ ○ YOU’RE WELL ON YOUR WAY TO SUCCESS ○ ○ ○ The TOEFL tests your vocabulary with “vocabulary-in-context” questions in which you ○ ○ must determine the meaning of words as used in a specific sentence, as well as indirectly ○ ○ through the use of reading comprehension passages and questions. The more words you ○ ○ know, the better your chances of narrowing down the choices to the correct one. ○ Peterson’s Master TOEFL Vocabulary will help you to fine tune your vocabulary skills. ○ ○ ○ ○ GIVE US YOUR FEEDBACK ○ ○ ○ Peterson’s publishes a full line of resources to help guide international students through ○ ○ the college admission process. ○ ○ ○ We welcome any comments or suggestions you may have about this publication and ○ ○ invite you to complete our online survey at www.petersons.com/booksurvey. Or you can ○ ○ fill out the survey at the back of this book, tear it out, and mail it to us at: ○ ○ Publishing Department ○ ○ Peterson’s ○ ○ 2000 Lenox Drive ○ ○ Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 ○ ○ Your feedback will help us to provide personalized solutions for your educational ○ ○ advancement. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ www.petersons.com ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 00_TOEFL Vocab FM,i-x 8○ 8/9/06, 10:13 ○ Before You Begin ix ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ TOP 10 STRATEGIES TO RAISE YOUR SCORE 1. As with other sections of the TOEFL, be familiar with the directions and examples so you can begin work immediately. 2. For each passage, begin by briefly looking over the questions (but not the answer choices). Try to keep these questions in mind during your reading. 3. Scan passages to find and highlight the important facts and information. 4. Read each passage at a comfortable speed. 5. Answer the questions, referring to the passage when necessary. 6. Eliminate answers that are clearly wrong or do not answer the question. If more than one option remains, guess. 7. Mark difficult or time-consuming answers so that you can come back to them later if you have time. 8. Timing is an important factor. Don't spend more than 10 minutes on any one reading and the questions about it. 9. Concentration is another important factor. The reading section is one of the longer sections of the test. Your practice and hard work will help you. 10. Relax the night before the exam. www.petersons.com 00_TOEFL Vocab FM,i-x 9 8/9/06, 10:13 00_TOEFL Vocab FM,i-x 10 8/9/06, 10:13