Peterson’s M AP ASTER U.S. H ISTORY Peterson’s M AP ASTER U.S. H ISTORY Margaret C. Moran W. Frances Holder 2nd Edition About Peterson’s, a Nelnet company Peterson’s (www.petersons.com) is a leading provider of education information and advice, with books and online resources focusing on education search, test preparation, and financial aid. Its Web site offers searchable databases and interactive tools for contacting educational institutions, online practice tests and instruction, and planning tools for securing financial aid. Peterson’s serves 110 million education consumers annually. Special thanks to Rick Holder for his editorial assistance. Photo Credits: The Granger Collection, New York; Culver Pictures, Inc. Graphics by: Siren Design, Inc. 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ISBN-13: 978-0-7689-2469-5 ISBN-10: 0-7689-2469-3 Printed in the United States ofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 09 08 07 Second Edition Petersons.com/publishing CheckoutourWebsiteatwww.petersons.com/publishingtoseeifthereisanynewinformationregardingthetestand anyrevisionsorcorrectionstothecontentofthisbook.We’vemadesuretheinformationinthisbookisaccurateand up-to-date;however,thetestformatorcontentmayhavechangedsincethetimeofpublication. OTHER RECOMMENDED TITLES Peterson’s AP European History Peterson’s AP World History Peterson’s Master AP Calculus AB & BC Peterson’s Master AP Chemistry Peterson’s Master AP English Language & Composition Peterson’s Master AP English Literature & Composition Peterson’s Master AP U.S. Government & Politics Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Before You Begin...................................... xi How This Book Is Organized........................... xi Special Study Features ................................ xii Appendix ........................................... xii You’re Well on Your Way to Success ................... xiii Give Us Your Feedback ............................... xiii Top 10 Strategies to Raise Your Score................... xiv PART I AP U.S. HISTORY BASICS 1 All About the AP U.S. History Test ................ 3 10 Facts About the AP U.S. History Test ................ 3 Scoring the AP U.S. History Test ....................... 6 Study Plans for the AP U.S. History Test ................ 8 Summing It Up ...................................... 14 PART II: DIAGNOSING STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES 2 Practice Test 1: Diagnostic ........................ 25 Section I............................................ 26 Section II ........................................... 38 Answer Key and Explanations ......................... 43 Self-Evaluation Rubric for the Advanced Placement Essays .. 62 PART III: AP U.S. HISTORY STRATEGIES 3 Answering the Multiple-Choice Questions ........ 67 Basic Information About Section I ...................... 67 Attacking the Questions: Practical Advice ............... 68 Practicing .......................................... 70 Exercise 1 .......................................... 71 Answer Key and Explanations ......................... 73 Exercise 2 .......................................... 75 viii Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Answer Key and Explanations ..................................... 76 . . Exercise 3 ...................................................... 77 . . Answer Key and Explanations ..................................... 78 . . Summing It Up .................................................. 80 . . .4 Writing a “9” Essay .......................................... 81 . . Basic Information about Section II ................................. 81 . . Good Writing ................................................... 83 . Planning and Writing Each Essay: Practical Advice .................... 85 . . Summing It Up .................................................. 86 . . .5 Writing the DBQ Essay ....................................... 87 . . Defining the DBQ ............................................... 87 . . The Game Plan .................................................. 89 . . Summing It Up .................................................. 97 . . .6 Writing the Free Response Essays ............................ 99 . . Defining the Free Response Questions .............................. 99 . . The Game Plan .................................................. 100 . Practical Advice ................................................. 100 . . Free Response Essays ............................................ 101 . . Suggestions for Free Response Essays, Part B ........................ 102 . . Suggestions for Free Response Essays, Part C ........................ 106 . Self-Evaluation Rubric for the Advanced Placement Essays ............. 110 . . Summing It Up .................................................. 112 . . . . .PART IV: AP U.S. HISTORY REVIEW . . .7 Reviewing the Colonial Period to 1789 .......................115 . . Discovery, Settlement, and Expansion, 1492–1754 .................... 115 . . Colonial Society Around 1750 ..................................... 124 . . The Move to Independence, 1754–1776 ............................ 128 . The American Revolution, 1775–1783 .............................. 134 . . Drafting the Constitution ......................................... 139 . . Summing It Up .................................................. 141 . . .8 The Constitution and Important Supreme Court Cases ........143 . . The U.S. Constitution ............................................ 143 . . Twelve Important Supreme Court Decisions ......................... 148 . . Additional Supreme Court Cases with Impact on Historical Events ...... 154 . Summing It Up .................................................. 156 . . . 9 Reviewing the New Nation to Mid-Century ..................157 . . The New Nation, 1789–1800 ...................................... 158 . . The Age of Jefferson, 1800–1816 .................................. 163 . . . .www.petersons.com . . . . . . . Contents ix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nationalism: Prosperity and Change ................................ 167 . Sectionalism .................................................... 172 . . The Age of Jackson, 1828–1848 ................................... 175 . . A Changing Society and an Emerging Culture ........................ 179 . . Summing It Up .................................................. 184 . . . 10 Reviewing the Events Leading to the Civil War and . Its Aftermath .................................................185 . . . Territorial Expansion and Sectional Crisis ........................... 185 . Prelude to the Civil War .......................................... 189 . . The Civil War ................................................... 193 . . Reconstruction .................................................. 198 . . Summing It Up .................................................. 204 . . . 11 Becoming an Urban and Industrial World Power ............205 . . The New South ................................................. 206 . The Last Frontier ................................................ 209 . . Industry, Labor, and Big Business .................................. 212 . . Urban Society ................................................... 215 . . Intellectual and Cultural Movements ................................ 217 . The Gilded Age ................................................. 219 . . The Nation Abroad, 1865–1914 .................................... 223 . . The Progressive Era .............................................. 226 . . Summing It Up .................................................. 231 . . . 12 Reviewing the Twentieth Century: 1915 to the Present .......233 . . Wilson and World War I .......................................... 234 . . The 1920s ...................................................... 237 . The Great Depression ............................................ 240 . . The New Deal .................................................. 242 . . Diplomacy in the 1920s and 1930s ................................. 246 . . World War II ................................................... 249 . The Beginning of the Cold War at Home and Abroad ................. 254 . . The 1950s ...................................................... 258 . . The 1960s ...................................................... 260 . . The 1970s ...................................................... 265 . The United States Since 1980 ...................................... 268 . . Summing It Up .................................................. 276 . . . . . PART V: TWO PRACTICE TESTS . . . Practice Test 2 ....................................................287 . . Section I........................................................ 287 . Section II ....................................................... 301 . . Answer Key and Explanations ..................................... 306 . . Self-Evaluation Rubric for the Advanced Placement Essays ............. 327 . . www.petersons.com . . . . . . . . x Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Practice Test 3 ....................................................337 . . Section I........................................................ 337 . Section II ....................................................... 351 . . Answer Key and Explanations ..................................... 357 . . Self-Evaluation Rubric for the Advanced Placement Essays ............. 376 . . . . .APPENDIX . . .College-by-College Guide to AP Credit and Placement............381 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.petersons.com . . . . . . .