CCCRRROOOPPP DDDIIIVVVEEERRRSSSIIIFFFIIICCCAAATTTIIIOOONNN IIINNN UUUTTTTTTAAARRRAAAKKKHHHAAANNNDDD: AANN EECCOONNOOMMIICC AANNAALLYYSSIISS Thesis Submitted to the GGG... BBB... PPPAAANNNTTT UUUNNNIIIVVVEEERRRSSSIIITTTYYY OOOFFF AAAGGGRRRIIICCCUUULLLTTTUUURRREEE AAANNNDDD TTTEEECCCHHHNNNOOOLLLOOOGGGYYY,,, PANTNAGAR – 226633 114455,, UU..SS.. NNAAGGAARR,, UUTTTTAARRAAKHAND,, IINNDDIIAA Submitted By SWATI GOSWAMI (B.Sc. Agriculture) IN PPPAAARRRTTTIIIAAALLL FFFUUULLLFFFIIILLLLLLMMMEEENNNTTT OOOFFF TTTHHHEEE RRREEEQQQUUUIIIRRREEEMMMEEENNNTTTSSS FFOORR TTHHEE DDEEGGRREEEE OOFF MMMaaasssttteeerrr ooofff SSSccciiieeennnccceee iiinnn AAAgggrrriiicccuuullltttuuurrreee (AAggrriiccuullttuurraall EEccoonnoommiiccss) AUGUST, 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To the omnipresent and omniscient power of the universe, the Almighty God for blessing me with endurance and strength to overcome all hurdles that crossed my way and helped me in achieving my goal. I feel great pleasure to evince my profound sense of veneration and gratitude to my advisor Dr. S. K. Srivastava, Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, for this relentless supervision, keen interest, whole hearted encouraging inspiration, constructive criticism and valuable suggestion in every step of this work, right from the beginning till the end. Under his guidance I successfully overcame many difficulties and learned a lot and I hope to continue to work with his noble thoughts throughout my life. I express my sincere regards and heartfelt gratitude to the members of my advisory committee Dr. S. P. Singh, Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics and Dr. A. K. Singhal, Professor, Department of Agricultural economics for the great cooperation, constant support, decent advice and judicious guidance during the course of my work. It is also my pleasure to acknowledge the sincere thanks to Dean, PGS, Dean Agriculture, Director, Experimental Station, Dean Student Welfare, Social Welfare Department Government of Uttarakhand, Head, Department of Agricultural Economics and University Library, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar for providing necessary facilities and fellowship during the investigation. It is my pleasure to acknowledge the help rendered by Dr. H. N. Singh, Associate professor, Dr. Anil Kumar, Associate Professor, Dr. Virendra Singh, Assistant Professor, Dr. Vijay Kumar Pal, Teaching Personnel, and technical and supporting staffs of Department of Agricultural Economics for their suggestions, cooperation, constant help and advice during my research work which proved to be of immense help. My head and heart bow down before my beloved and venerable parents whose blessings and exhilaration have always animate me to rise against problem and face them similar. Their continuous inspiration and encouragement lifting me up hills this phase of life. I specially thank mausi,mausaji, Anand jijaji and Kishore bhaiya for their love, affection, encouragement, selfless help and cheerful company. It’s my fortune to gratefully acknowledge the support of my friends and classmates for providing a stimulating and fun filled environment specially Samaridhi, Gargi, Bhanu, Ritu, Asha, Shrishti, Harshika, Amita, Deepshikha, Vishnu, Shibashish sir, Dhanpal, Jugal, Ashish sir. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all my juniors for their co-operation during my research works. I cannot forget the love and co-operation received from all my seniors, especially Swati mam, Meenakshi mam, Arpita mam, Manisha mam for completion of this investigation. Last but not least my sincere thanks to all beloved and respected people who have knowingly and unknowingly helped me in the successful completion of this thesis but could not find separate mention. I wish to thanks from the core of my heart all the well wishers whose blessing propelled me to achieve my dreams. Pantnagar August, 2013 Dr. S.K. Srivastava Department of Agricultural Economics, Assistant Professor College of Agriculture, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar - 263 145 Distt. - U. S. Nagar Uttarakhand, India C E R T I F I C A T E This is to certify that the thesis entitled “CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN UTTARAKHAND: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS”, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE with major in AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, of the College of Post-Graduate Studies, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, is a record of bonafide research carried out by Ms. Swati Goswami, Id. No. 34382, under my supervision and no part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation and sources of literature have been duly acknowledged. Pantnagar August, 2013 CERTIFICATE We, the undersigned, members of the Advisory Committee of Ms. Swati Goswami, Id. No. 34382, a candidate for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE with major in AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, agree that the thesis entitled “CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN UTTARAKHAND: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS” may be submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree. CONTENTS Sl. No. CHAPTERS PAGE No. 1. INTRODUCTION 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 4. METHODOLOGY 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION LITERATURE CITED APPENDICES VITA ABSTRACT ENGLISH ABSTRACT HINDI List of Tables Table Page Description No. No. 3.1.1 General features of Uttarakhand 3.3.1 Different soil types distributed in Uttarakhand 3.4.1 Land holding pattern in Uttarakhand 3.5.1 Land use pattern in Uttarakhand 3.6.1 Farming situation in Uttarakhand 3.8.1 Irrigation in Uttarakhand 3.9.1 Fertilizer consumption in Uttarakhand 3.10.1 Livestock and Poultry population in Uttarakhand CAGR of area, production and productivity of paddy in different 5.1.1 districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of fingermillet in 5.1.2 different districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of maize in different 5.1.3 districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of maize in different 5.1.4 districts and divisions of Uttarkhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of amranthus in 5.1.5 different districts and divisions of Uttarkhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of pigeonpea in 5.1.6 different districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of blackgram in 5.1.7 different districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of horsegram in 5.1.8 different districts and divisions of Uttarkhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of black soybean in 5.1.9 different districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of sesame in different 5.1.10 districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 200-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of soybean in different 5.1.11 districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of wheat in different 5.1.12 districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of barley in different 5.1.13 districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of chickpea in different 5.1.14 districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of pea in different 5.1.15 districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of lentil in different 5.1.16 districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of mustard in different 5.1.17 districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of potato (kharif) in 5.1.18 different districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of potato (rabi) in 5.1.19 different districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 CAGR of area, production and productivity of sugarcane in 5.1.20 different districts and divisions of Uttarakhand during 2000-01 to 2010-11 5.2.1.1 General characteristics of sample farm households in the hills 5.2.1.2 General characteristics of sample farm households in the plains General characteristics of sample farm households in the overall 5.2.1.3 region 5.2.2.1 Gender wise family size of sample farm households in hills 5.2.2.2 Gender wise family size of sample farm households in plains Gender wise family size of sample farm households in overall 5.2.2.3 region 5.2.3.1 Educational profile of sample farmers in hills 5.2.3.2 Educational profile of sample farmers in hills 5.2.3.3 Educational profile of sample farmers in hills 5.2.4 Distribution of operational land holding 5.2.5.1 Cropping pattern on sample farms in hills 5.2.5.2 Cropping pattern on sample farms in plains 5.2.5.3 Cropping pattern on sample farms in overall region 5.2.6.1 Distribution of livestock on sample farms in hills 5.2.6.2 Distribution of livestock on sample farms in plains 5.6.2.3 Distribution of livestock on sample farms in overall region 5.2.7.1 Average annual income of sample farm in hills 5.2.7.2 Average annual income of sample farm in plains 5.2.7.3 Average annual income of sample farm in overall region Diversification index for overall crops at districts, divisions and 5.3.1.1 state level Overall crops diversification indices and their CAGR along with 5.3.1.2 Variation at districts, divisions and state level Diversification index for annual crops at districts, divisions and 5.3.2.1 state level Annual crops diversification indices and their CAGR along with 5.3.2.2 Variation at districts, divisions and state level Districts, Division and state wise share of each crop group in gross 5.3.3.1 cropped area: 2000-01 to 2010-11 Diversification index for foodgrains crops at districts, divisions and 5.3.3.2 state level Foodgrains crops diversification indices and their CAGR along 5.3.3.3 with Variation at districts, divisions and state level Districts, Division and state wise share of cereals crops in gross 5.3.4.1 cropped area: 2000-01 to 2010-11 Diversification index for cereals crops at districts, divisions and 5.3.4.2 state level Cereals crops diversification indices and their CAGR along with 5.3.4.3 Variation at districts, divisions and state level Districts, Division and state wise share of pulses crops in gross 5.3.5.1 cropped area: 2000-01 to 2010-11 Diversification index for pulses crops at districts, divisions and 5.3.5.2 state level Pulses crops diversification indices and their CAGR along with 5.3.5.3 Variation at districts, divisions and state level Districts, Division and state wise share of oilseed crops in gross 5.3.6.1 cropped area: 2000-01 to 2010-11 Diversification index for oilseed crops at districts, divisions and 5.3.6.2 state level Oilseed crops diversification indices and their CAGR along with 5.3.6.2 Variation at districts, divisions and state level Diversification index for fruits and nuts crops at districts, divisions 5.3.7.1 and state level Fruits and nuts crops diversification indices and their CAGR along 5.3.7.2 with Variation at districts, divisions and state level Diversification index for vegetable crops at districts, divisions and 5.3.8.1 state level Vegetable crops diversification indices and their CAGR along with 5.3.8.2 Variation at districts, divisions and state level Diversification index for spices crops at districts, divisions and state 5.3.9.1 level Spices crops diversification indices and their CAGR along with 5.3.9.2 Variation at districts, divisions and state level 5.3.10.1 Level of crop diversification at farm level in hills 5.3.10.2 Level of crop diversification at farm level in plains 5.3.10.3 Level of crop diversification at farm level in overall region 5.3.10.4 Crop diversification index 5.3.10.5 Crop group diversification index at village level 5.3.10.6 Crop varietal diversification index 5.3.10.7 Within crop varietal diversification index Estimated regression function for the determinants of crop 5.4.1 diversification 5.4.2 Factors affecting crop diversification at farm households level