Maryland’s Offshore Wind Power Potential A Report Sponsored by the Abell Foundation and Prepared by the University of Delaware’s Center for Carbon-free Power Integration, College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment Authors: Jeremy Firestone, Associate Professor and Senior Research Scientist Willett Kempton, Professor and Center Director Blaise Sheridan, Research Assistant Scott Baker, Research Assistant FULL REPORT - February 18, 2010 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Section 1. Mapping Areas for Offshore Wind Development in Maryland ........................... 2 1.1 Bathymetry and Turbine Foundation Technology ........................................................................ 2 1.2 Mapping Marine Exclusion Zones Using Nautical Charts ............................................................ 5 1.3 Avian and Visual Exclusions .................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Potential Shipping Conflict Areas ........................................................................................................ 9 1.5 Potential Military Conflict Areas ....................................................................................................... 11 Section 2. Calculating Maryland’s Offshore Wind Power Potential ................................... 11 2.1 Wind Resource Assessment ................................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Calculating Wind Power ....................................................................................................................... 14 2.3 Estimating Installed Capacity and Energy Production .............................................................. 18 2.4 Available Resource Accounting for Shipping Conflict Area ..................................................... 20 Section 3. Integrating Offshore Wind into Maryland’s Energy Landscape ...................... 21 3.1 Demand for Renewable Energy in Maryland ................................................................................ 21 3.2 The Cost of Offshore Wind Power and Electricity Prices in Maryland ................................ 23 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 26 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 27 Appendix A: Georeferencing Nautical Charts in ArcMap Methods .................................... 28 References ............................................................................................................................................. 29 i Introduction The United States relies heavily on fossil and nuclear fuels to generate electricity. Renewable energy has become an increasingly attractive alternative to them, given concerns over climate change, difficulty in siting nuclear power plants, health concerns associated with fossil fuel generation, a desire to tap domestic energy resources, and the recognition that green energy development is likely to attract and sustain green jobs. Many states, including Maryland, explicitly encourage renewable energy generation through renewable portfolio standards, which require utilities to acquire a certain percentage of their electric supply from renewable energy sources. Although only a small fraction of total U.S. electricity is generated from renewable energy sources, in recent years wind power has comprised the second largest fraction of newly installed power, behind natural gas. Wind power has emerged as the renewable energy source of choice in many parts of the country because it is the only proven means to generate utility‐scale carbon‐free energy in a cost‐competitive manner. To date, all of the U.S. wind energy power has been land‐based, with much of the generation coming in Texas, California and the Midwest and Great Plains States. While Maryland will soon be generating land‐based wind power, its land‐based wind resources are limited (AWS Truewind). For wind power to become a significant fraction of Maryland’s electricity supply, it will either need to import land‐based wind power from other states and to rely on transmission lines, or look to the sea. Offshore wind power holds much promise for the mid‐Atlantic and Northeast states, including Maryland, because it is an abundant resource, proximate to electric load centers (Kempton, et al 2007). Although no offshore wind turbines have been installed in the Americas, offshore wind power is a proven technology with more than 15 years of operating experience in Europe. Serious interest in offshore wind power in the United States began in 2001 with a proposal for an offshore wind project in Nantucket Sound off Cape Cod, Massachusetts Energy Management, Inc. (aka, Cape Wind). Since that time, many proposals have been put forward in the Atlantic, Gulf, and Great Lakes regions. State Request for Proposals (RFPs) have resulted in binding contracts for offshore wind power in Delaware and Rhode Island, a planned purchase by Maryland for a portion of the power to be generated by the Delaware project, and three proposed developments off of New Jersey. Recently, New York released an RFP for a utility‐scale offshore wind project in the Great Lakes (NYPA 2009) and North Carolina announced a small test project of up to three turbines in Pamlico Sound. These states have been at the vanguard of U.S. offshore wind development, but by no means round out the number of states interested in offshore wind. On the Atlantic coast, Maine, Virginia, and Georgia all have varying degrees of interest in offshore wind. Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin in the Great Lakes region (as well as Ontario) and Texas in the Gulf are also planning and preparing for offshore wind. With over 2,000 megawatts (MW) 1 of offshore wind power in various stages of project development, a federal legal regime and policies to encourage renewable energy development in place, the U.S. offshore wind industry is poised to take off. Detailed resource and feasibility assessments are an important preliminary step that interested states should consider before pursuing further stages of project and economic development. This study represents an initial assessment of the wind resource of the Maryland coast, using methods refined from those published by Dhanju and colleagues (2008). This study considers potential environmental, user, and nautical conflicts, and electric system characteristics and policy in Maryland as they relate to the potential for offshore wind power development. Section 1. Mapping Areas for Offshore Wind Development in Maryland1 1.1 Bathymetry and Turbine Foundation Technology Understanding the water depth at any potential offshore wind development site is critical for determining the appropriate foundation technology to use, as well as for accurately assessing the cost of installation. In this study, we use three‐arc second resolution, satellite bathymetric data made available by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to delineate areas of Maryland’s coastal waters based on depth (Divins and Metzger 2009). This data is used to illustrate the bathymetry of the Delmarva region. It is notable that this region possesses a gently sloping outer continental shelf, which is in sharp contrast to the quick and steep drop off seen on the Pacific coast. This feature of the Delmarva region allows currently available, shallow water offshore wind technology to be deployed immediately and deeper water technologies to be deployed as they are developed, tested, and become available in the market. 1 The scope of this analysis is federal and state waters off of Maryland’s Atlantic coast. We do not consider development potential within the Chesapeake Bay. 2 Figure 1. The gently sloping outer continental shelf of the Delmarva Peninsula. Depth shown in meters. Rather than analyzing Maryland’s continental shelf by organizing the data into uniform increments, such as every ten meters shown above, this study approaches bathymetry by associating different water depth ranges to offshore wind turbine foundation technologies. In today’s global offshore wind market, the majority of project installations have used the shallow water monopile foundation technology. In Europe, jacket foundation technologies (tripods, quadrapods and lattice structures) have been deployed in small ‘pilot’ installations over the last few years in waters as deep as 45 meters2. However, the jacket design has been validated for up to 100 meters (Haugsøen 2006). One utility‐scale floating turbine is operational off the coast of Norway as part of an R&D effort led by StatoilHydro and is designed for depths greater than 120 meters. The University of Maine is planning a small‐scale test of floating turbines at depths greater than 60 meters. Figure 2 illustrates categories of offshore wind turbine foundation technology but does not represent an exhaustive list of designs. Within each category of foundations shown, industrial, academic, and government research efforts continue to refine support structures and develop new designs. 2 See Beatrice and Alpha Ventus projects in Scotland and Germany, respectively. 3 Figure 2. Offshore wind turbine foundation technologies. Developing technology research means that water depths suggested for each support structure in this image are not, we feel, reflecting current practice. In this study, we use water depth ranges and refined technology categories found in Table 1. Image courtesy of StatoilHydro. In order to determine which depths correspond to which foundation technology, we consulted a database of existing projects in Europe called Wind Service Holland, which provides data, including foundation technology and water depth, for all operational offshore projects in Europe3. In addition, we used personal judgment to determine the water depths of future technologies based on our knowledge of the industry, personal communications with experts in the field of offshore foundation technology, and our experience on the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) Offshore Wind Working Group’s research and development committee, which one of the co‐authors of this report (Kempton) chairs. The resulting water depth and foundation technology categories are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Wind turbine foundation technology corresponding to water depth Foundation Range of Water Depth Technology (meters) Monopile 0 – 35 Jacket 35 – 50 Advanced Jacket 50 – 100 Floating 100 – 1,000 3 Wind Service Holland’s offshore wind database of existing and planned projects can be located on the Web at http://home.kpn.nl/windsh/offshore.html 4 Combining both Maryland’s bathymetry and the foundation/water depth categories in Table 1, the resulting offshore areas were mapped and are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3. Areas of water depth that correspond to different offshore wind turbine foundation technologies. 1.2 Mapping Marine Exclusion Zones Using Nautical Charts Marine exclusion zones can be identified using NOAA nautical charts. When imported into the ArcGIS family of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software figures (known as shapefiles) can be created to better understand the exclusion environment in the area under study. NOAA nautical charts are available online from the Office of Coast Survey at: www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/mcd/OnLineViewer.html. The process for properly importing these charts and georeferencing them with the state or region under study is detailed in Appendix A. Using ArcCatalog to create shapefiles and ArcMap to edit those shapefiles, and by zooming in on the charts, users can trace features in the study area that may influence where offshore wind project development occurs. Common exclusion zones found on nautical charts include artificial reef habitats, dumping zones, designated military activity areas, designated shipping lanes, and marine sanctuaries. Figure 4 shows a nautical chart ranging from Cape May, NJ to Cape Hatteras, NC that was imported into ArcMap for identifying potential exclusion zones within the Maryland study area. 5 Figure 4. Georeferenced NOAA nautical chart covering Cape May to Cape Hatteras. Zoom out view (left) and zoom in view (right) With no designated shipping lanes or military activity zones4, the exclusion areas in Maryland’s offshore waters are small. Within the Maryland study area, nautical charts show artificial reefs, labeled as ‘Fish Havens’, as the only necessary exclusion. Fish Havens are artificial structures placed on the seabed for the purpose of providing habitat to fish and other marine organisms. These structures are often pieces of infrastructure that need to be disposed of, such as old rail cars or large pieces of concrete from demolition projects (Gary 2009). A municipal dump site exists within the Maryland study area, but upon further investigation, it appears that the dump site is no longer in use. While geotechnical surveying may reveal that the site’s seabed characteristics are not suitable for wind turbine foundation installation, we did not exclude this area from being developed due to the lack of use conflict. An area containing explosives was also designated as an exclusion zone in Figure 5, however the area falls outside of the study area and is therefore not included in the estimate of total area available for development. The next section describes other potential exclusion zones and use conflict areas within the study area. 4 See sections 1.4 and 1.5 for a discussion of potential conflicts between offshore wind power development and areas that are or might be used by commercial shipping and military interests irrespective of the fact that they are not designated for such use. 6 Figure 5. Marine exclusion zones mapped from NOAA nautical charts 1.3 Avian and Visual Exclusions Nautical hazards are not the only important factors to consider when estimating viable offshore wind development area. The environmental impacts of any offshore wind project need to be studied in detail both before construction and during operation. Potential impacts include avian mortality or behavioral disturbance, marine mammal impacts, sensitive fish habitat disturbance, impacts on endangered species (AWI v. Beach Ridge Energy, Case No. RWT 09cv1519, D. MD Dec. 8, 2009), and others. The scope of this study is such that only potential avian impacts are addressed. In consultation with world renowned avian expert Paul Kerlinger, principal of Curry & Kerlinger LLC, it was determined that Maryland’s coastline is part of the Atlantic flyway, a route taken by migratory birds flying north and south. Based on his experience, Dr. Kerlinger advised an exclusion zone one nautical mile wide parallel to the coastline because migratory birds tend to follow the coastline (Kerlinger 2009). The aesthetics of offshore wind development are important. Visual impacts can motivate opposition (e.g. Cape Wind Project) and can potentially cause tourism revenue losses if people choose to go to a beach where turbines are less intrusive or not visible at all. Therefore, it is very important to fully understand the potential costs, or benefits, of placing wind turbines at different distances from shore. The University of Delaware’s Center for Carbon‐free Power Integration conducted a public opinion survey of Delaware residents to better understand the economic value associated with the placement of wind turbines at different distances from shore. This value, or willingness‐to‐pay, represents the amount of money a person would be willing to spend annually in perpetuity to move wind turbines each incremental mile further offshore. Survey respondents were given visualizations of what turbines would look like at different distances. The results of the study show that residents bordering the ocean (who live on average 0.6 miles from the coast) are willing to pay more to move turbines further offshore than residents adjacent to 7 the Delaware Bay or residents of Delaware (approximately 95% of the state population, hereinafter, “inland residents”) (Krueger, Firestone, and Parsons, n.d.). In the case of ocean residents, once turbines reach 9 miles (that is, approximately 8 nautical miles) offshore, their willingness to pay to continue moving the turbines further is relatively small. For example, the difference in the marginal willingness to pay for ocean residents to move turbines from 6 to 7 miles offshore was approximately $10.00/month for 3 years. However, the difference in their marginal willingness to pay to move turbines each incremental mile further from shore beyond 9 miles is just $2/month/mile. (Ibid, Figure 3). In sum, the study found that ocean residents are willing to pay more than any other citizen to move turbine offshore, but once turbines are 9 miles (8 nautical miles offshore), the value in continuing to move them offshore is much less (Ibid.; See also, Krueger, 2007; Firestone, Kempton and Krueger, 2007).5 A study of opinions regarding wind turbine placement of out‐of‐state beach tourists at Delaware beaches and boardwalks, found that at 22 km (12 nautical miles), 94% would continue going to the same beach, 4% would go to a different beach in Delaware, and 2% would go to another beach (Blaydes Lilley, Firestone, and Kempton, 2010). At 5 nautical miles, 74% would remain at the same beach, 19% would switch to a different Delaware beach, with 7% going out‐of‐state. At one nautical mile, much greater beach switching behavior was observed, with 35% going to a different Delaware beach and 10% going out‐ of‐state. On the other hand, at 5 nautical miles, they found that the likelihood of visiting a new or different beach at least once to view an offshore wind project was greater than stated avoidance and that 44% indicated that they would be likely to take a boat tour of the wind turbine project (ibid). In light of these findings, and to be conservative, we applied an 8‐nautical mile exclusion zone, in the shape of a semi‐circle, around the tourism destination of Ocean City, MD. Additionally, an 8 nautical mile exclusion zone was drawn around Assateague Island National Seashore, as this is also a prime tourism location and may hold special place attachment for visitors (Firestone, Kempton and Krueger, 2009).6 The overlap of these two semi‐circles was so great that the decision was made to simply apply an 8‐nautical mile exclusion zone from any point on the Maryland shoreline. Both the avian exclusion and the 5 It should be noted that coastal residents strongly prefer offshore wind turbines to new fossil fuel development even at close distances. Indeed, wind turbines have to be located at distances of less than one nautical mile from shore before those residents would prefer new fossil fuel development (Firestone, Kempton and Krueger, 2007). 6 Although these near shore areas have been excluded in this report in order to provide a conservative estimate of Maryland’s offshore wind resource size, in light of the finding noted in the previous footnote regarding coastal residents preference for offshore wind over new fossil fuel development, and given the fact that Maryland has greater control over development within state waters—the first three nautical miles from shore—and would obtain all the revenues should it choose to lease that area and that Maryland would share revenues with the federal government for wind projects that have at least one turbine within six nautical miles of its shore, Maryland may wish to consider nearer‐shore offshore wind power development. See (see Federal Register, Vol. 74, No. 81, pp. 19638‐19871 (April 29, 200), to be codified in pertinent part in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at Vol. 30, Sections 385.540‐385.543). 8
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