KARL M A RX FREDERICK ENGELS Collected Works \fohmie19 Marx and Engels 1861-1864 V Contents Preface XI-XXVIII KARL MARX AND FREDERICK ENGELS WORKS January 1861-June 1864 1. F. Engels. German Movements 3 2. K. Marx. The American Question in England 7 3. K. Marx. The British Cotton Trade 17 4. K. Marx. The London Times and Lord Palmerston 21 5. K. Marx. The London Times on the Orleans Princes in America 27 6. K. Marx. The North American Civil War 32 7. K. Marx. The Civil War in the United States 43 8. K. Marx. The Crisis in England 53 9. K. Marx. British Commerce 57 10. K. Marx. Economic Notes 62 11. K. Marx. Intervention in Mexico 66 12. K. Marx. The Intervention in Mexico 71 13. K. Marx. Monsieur Fould 79 14. K. Marx. France's Financial Situation 82 15. K. Marx. The Dismissal of Fremont 86 16. K. Marx. The Trent Case 89 17. K. Marx. The Anglo-American Conflict 92 18. K. Marx. The News and Its Effect in London 95 19. K. Marx. The Principal Actors in the Trent Drama 101 VI Contents 20. K. Marx. Controversy over the Trent Case 105 21. K. Marx. Progress of Feeling in England 110 22. K. Marx. The Crisis over the Slavery Issue 1 15 23. K. Marx. American Matters ! 117 24. K. Marx. A Slander Trial 120 25. K. Marx. The Washington Cabinet and the Western Powers 124 26. K. Marx. The Opinion of the Newspapers and the Opinion of the People 127 27. K. Marx. French News Humbug.— Economic Consequences of War 131 28. K. Marx. A Pro-America Meeting 134 29. K. Marx. English Public Opinion 137 30. K. Marx. More on Seward's Suppressed Dispatch 143 31. K. Marx. A Coup d'État by Lord John Russell 145 32. K. Marx. Statistical Observations on the Railway System 149 33. K. Marx. A London Workers' Meeting 153 34. K. Marx. Anti-Intervention Feeling 157 35. K. Marx. On the Cotton Crisis 160 36. K. Marx. English 163 37. K. Marx. The Parliamentary Debate on the Address 167 38. K. Marx. The Mexican Imbroglio 172 39. K. Marx. American Affairs 178 40. K. Marx. The Secessionists' Friends in the Lower House.— Recognition of the American Blockade 182 41. K. Marx and F. Engels. The American Civil War 186 I 186 II 191 42. K. Marx. An International Affaire Mirés 196 43. K. Marx. The English Press and the Fall of New Orleans 199 44. K. Marx. A Treaty Against the Slave Trade 202 45. K. Marx and F. Engels. The Situation in the American Theatre of War 204 46. K. Marx. English Humanity and America 209 47. F. Engels. The American Civil War and the Ironclads and Rams '. 213 48. K. Marx. Chinese Affairs 216 49. K. Marx. A Scandal 219 50. K. Marx. A Suppressed Debate on Mexico and the Alliance with France 223 51. K. Marx. A Criticism of American Affairs 226 Contents VII 52. K. Marx. Russell's Protest Against American Rudeness.—The Rise in the Price of Grain.—On the Situation in Italy 230 53. K. Marx. Abolitionist Demonstrations in America 233 54. K. Marx. A Meeting for Garibaldi 236 55. K. Marx. Workers' Distress in England 239 56. K. Marx. A Note on the Amnesty 243 57. K. Marx. Garibaldi Meetings.—The Distressed Condition of Cotton Workers 245 58. K. Marx. Comments on the North American Events 248 59. K. Marx. Bread Manufacture 252 60. K. Marx. The Situation in North America 256 61. K. Marx. Symptoms of Disintegration in the Southern Confed eracy 260 62. K. Marx. The Election Results in the Northern States 263 63. K. Marx. The Dismissal of McClellan 266 64. K. Marx. English Neutrality.—The Situation in the Southern States 270 65. K. Marx. Letter to the Editors of the Berliner Reform 273 66. F. Engels. Kinglake on the Battle of the Alma 274 I 275 [II] 278 III 281 67. F. Engels. Artillery News from America 289 I 289 II 293 68. K. Marx. Proclamation on Poland by the German Workers' Educational Society in London 296 69. F. Engels. The English Army 298 I 301 II 303 III 309 70. F. Engels. The Strength of the Armies in Schleswig 317 71. K. Marx and F. Engels. Obituary 320 72. F. Engels. England's Fighting Forces as against Germany 321 FROM THE PREPARATORY MATERIALS 73. K. Marx. Ground Rent 329 74. K. Marx. Biographical Notes on Wilhelm Wolff 335 VIII Contents APPENDICES 75. Application by Marx for Restoration of His Prussian Citizen ship 339 76. Marx's Statement on the Restoration of His Prussian Citizen ship 341 77. Marx's Statement on the Rejection of His Application for Restoration of His Prussian Citizenship 345 78. Answer to Marx's Application for Restoration of His Prussian Citizenship 353 79. Marx's Application for Naturalisation and Right of Domicile in Berlin 355 80. Letter from Marx to Police President von Zedlitz 357 81. Power of Attorney Given by Marx to Ferdinand Lassalle for the Restoration of His Prussian Citizenship 359 82. F. Engels. To the Directorate of the Schiller Institute 360 83. Power of Attorney Issued by Marx to Engels to Take Over Wilhelm Wolff's Estate 363 NOTES AND INDEXES Notes 365 Name Index 406 Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature 430 Index of Periodicals 445 Subject Index 450 ILLUSTRATIONS United States of America on the eve of the Civil War of 1861-65 (map) 32-33 The course of military operations in the USA in 1861-1862 (map) 256-57 First page of Engels's manuscript of "The English Army" 299 Beginning of Marx's notes for a lecture on ground rent 331 TRANSLATORS: RODNEY LIVINGSTONE: Items 56, 73 HENRY MINS: Items 13, 14, 23, 24, 32, 36, 47-49, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72, 75-80 PETER and BETTY ROSS: Items 81, 82 SALO RYAZANSKAYA: Items 22, 58 VICTOR SCHNITTKE: Items 71, 74 BARRIE SELMAN: Item 67 XI Preface Volume 19 of the Collected Works of Marx and Engels contains articles, letters and documents written between the end of January 1861 and the beginning of June 1864, except for Engels' articles for The Volunteer Journal, for Lancashire and Cheshire, which are published in Volume 18 with other works of his on military subjects. The first half of the 1860s saw the continued rise of the bourgeois-democratic and national liberation movements that began in Europe and America after the world economic crisis of 1857. In Germany and Italy, which had yet to complete their bourgeois revolutions, the movement for national unity gained fresh impetus; in Russia peasant unrest continued, and revolu tionary ideas spread in progressive circles after the abolition of serfdom in February 1861; in the USA civil war broke out between North and South (1861-65); there was growing opposition to the régime of the Second Empire in France; centrifugal tendencies intensified in the Austrian monarchy; in Mexico the bourgeois revolution triumphed; in China the Taiping peasant uprising entered its closing stage. The industrial revolution in the economically advanced coun tries led to a great increase in the numerical strength of the proletariat and far-reaching changes in its composition and class- XII Preface consciousness. The world economic crisis of 1857, the first of such magnitude in the history of capitalism, and the strikes that followed, vividly demonstrated the opposing economic and political interests of proletariat and bourgeoisie. The working-class movement began to pursue an independent struggle and this created conditions for its liberation from the ideological influence of the bourgeoisie. In the first half of the 1860s this showed itself in the growth of the British trade-union movement and the awakening of political activity of the British proletariat, in particular its demonstrations in defence of the national liberation movements and its opposition to the attempts by the British and French ruling classes to intervene in the US Civil War on behalf of the slave-owning Southern states. This process of working-class emancipation from bourgeois ideology was also expressed in the awakening of class consciousness among the French proletariat; in the attempts by the German workers to shake off the influence of the liberal bourgeoisie, and the foundation in 1863 of the General Association of German Workers; and in the active support by workers of various nationalities of the struggle for greater freedom and democracy in the USA (against the South in the Civil War) and of Garibaldi in Italy. The workers' realisation that their interests were in opposition to those of the ruling classes, an increased sense of proletarian solidarity, and the strengthening of international contacts, finally led to the foundation of the International Working Men's Association (the First International) on September 28, 1864. Marx's and Engels' theoretical work and political activities during these years were many-sided. As before, Marx's main concern was political economy. From August 1861 to July 1863 he wrote A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy; from the end of July or beginning of August 1863, to the summer of 1864, he worked on Book I of Capital—"The Process of Capitalist Production". Meanwhile, Engels continued with the theoretical development of the proletarian party's military strategy and tactics. At the same time they both pursued their interests in problems of philosophy and world history. At the end of the 1850s, Marx and Engels began their attempts to restore old contacts—and to establish new ones—with German, French, Polish and Italian revolutionary democratic emigrants in London, and above all with the working-class and democratic movements in Britain, Germany, France, Austria and the USA. These efforts, both to consolidate the forces of the working class and to establish contacts with progressive Preface XIII democratic circles, were dictated by the general revolutionary upsurge. Marx and Engels were above all guided by the objective interests of the proletariat: the bourgeois-democratic transformation of the countries of Europe and America, and the creation of legal conditions for the development of the working-class and democrat ic movement. The revolution of 1848-1849 had shown that in the more economically developed capitalist countries of Europe, the liberal bourgeoisie did not want, while the democratic and radical petty bourgeoisie proved unfit, to carry the bourgeois revolution through to the end. So in the 1860s the fulfilment of this historic task was becoming more and more the cause of the working class. Marx and Engels favoured the unification by revolutionary means of Germany and Italy, and the transition to revolutionary methods of conducting the US Civil War. They attached particular im portance to the revolutionary movement in France and Russia, regarding Bonapartism and tsarism as the chief obstacles to the national liberation of the oppressed peoples of Europe. The many-sided activity by Marx and Engels during this period is partly reflected in this volume. Their journalistic work is represented most fully. Until March 1862 Marx continued writing for the progressive American bourgeois newspaper, the New York Tribune; from October 1861 to December 1862 he contributed to the Viennese liberal newspaper Die Presse. Engels helped Marx in his work as correspondent for these newspapers; furthermore, as has been mentioned above, Engels wrote a great deal about military matters for the English magazine The Volunteer Journal, for Lancashire and Cheshire, and for the German newspaper Allgemeine Mi li tär-Zei tung. A theme central to the journalistic writings of Marx and Engels during these years was the US Civil War, which they saw as a crucial turning-point in the history of the USA, and of overall progressive significance. Their articles provided the first systematic account of its history, its political and social ramifications, its economic consequences, and the diplomatic struggles that resulted not only in America, but in Europe and especially in Britain. Most of the works on this subject were written by Marx and published in Die Presse and the New-York Daily Tribune in 1861-62. For the American paper, Marx wrote mainly about the impact of the Civil War on Great Britain's economy, foreign policy and public opinion. Die Presse, which was read not only in Austria, but in Germany, carried articles mainly about the Civil War itself, its