SPRINGER BRIEFS IN EDUCATION KEY THINKERS IN EDUCATION Mihai Androne Martin Luther Father of the Reformation and Educational Reformer Translation from Romanian by Corina Dobrotă and Oana Celia Gheorghiu 123 SpringerBriefs in Education Key Thinkers in Education Series Editor Paul Gibbs, Middlesex University, London, UK This briefs seriespublishes compact(50 to 125 pages) refereed monographs under the editorial supervision of the Advisory Editor, Professor Paul Gibbs, Middlesex University,London,UK.Eachvolumeintheseriesprovidesaconciseintroduction to the life and work of a key thinker in education and allows readers to get acquaintedwiththeirmajorcontributionstoeducationaltheoryand/orpracticeina fast and easy way. Both solicited and unsolicited manuscripts are considered for publication in the SpringerBriefs on Key Thinkers in Education series. Book proposals for this series may be submitted to the Executive Editor: Nick Melchior E-mail: [email protected] More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/10197 Mihai Androne Martin Luther Father of the Reformation and Educational Reformer ă Translation from Romanian by Corina Dobrot and Oana Celia Gheorghiu ă Text Revision by Corina Dobrot 123 Mihai Androne LowerDanube University of Galati Galati, Romania ISSN 2211-1921 ISSN 2211-193X (electronic) SpringerBriefs inEducation ISSN 2211-937X ISSN 2211-9388 (electronic) SpringerBriefs onKeyThinkers inEducation ISBN978-3-030-52417-3 ISBN978-3-030-52418-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52418-0 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland To my wife, Ana Acknowledgements Severalpersonsbroughttheirprecious contributiontothepublicationofthisbook, andtheydeservemyheartfeltthanks.Firstofall,IamgratefultoProf.PaulGibbs, whogreatlyhonouredmebyproposingthatIshouldwriteabookonMartinLuther for the prestigious Springer publishing house: I am all the more grateful to him as notmany yearsagowecelebratedthe500thanniversaryoftheReformation.Also, my gratitude goes to the publishing team, Marianna Pascale, Prashanth Ravichandran, Lay Peng Ang, Bhagyalakkshme Sreenivasan, and Nick Melchior, whosehelpwasveryvaluableineditingthemanuscript.Thesamegratitudeisowed tomycolleaguesfromtheLowerDanubeUniversityofGalati,CorinaDobrotăand Oana Celia Gheorghiu, for their translation work. I am additionally indebted to Corina Dobrotă, who also revised the final material. vii Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 The Five Solas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1 In the Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 In Luther’s Theology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.1 Sola Scriptura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2.2 Sola Fide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.3 Sola Gratia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.4 Solus Christus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.2.5 Soli Deo Gloria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3 In Luther’s Pedagogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.1 A Humble Teacher of Holy Scripture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.2 Faith Is and Must Be Lord and God Over All Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.3 God Would also Be Generous with His Gifts. . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.4 IfWeWishtoTrainChildren,WeMustBecomeChildren with Them. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3.5 We Cannot Adequately Repay the Gods, Our Parents, and Our Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3 Work as Vocation. The Priesthood of All Believers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1 My Gospel Has Nothing to Do with the Things of This World. . . . 28 3.2 The Secular Occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.3 The Wordly Ascetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4 The Priesthood of All Believers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 3.4.1 Priesthood of All Believers and Education . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.4.2 Education as Biblical Mandate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.4.3 The Gender Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ix x Contents 3.4.4 Should Women Preach?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.4.5 And What More Can Still Be Said? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.5 Deus Dedit Officium, Ut Servias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4 The Reform(ation) of the Church, School, and Person . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.1 Iuventus Est Seminaria Ecclesiae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.2 A Sacred Ark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.3 A Sound Doctrine and a Right Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.3.1 The Whole Aristotelian Ethic Is the Worst Enemy of Grace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.3.2 Good Works Do not Make a Good Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.4 Man’s Reform(ation) and Institutional Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.4.1 The Motive Determines the Quality of a Profession. . . . . . 67 4.4.2 These Men of Little Faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.4.3 A Change of Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.4.4 The Best Way to Teach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.4.5 Knowledge and Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.4.6 Fides Ex Auditu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.4.7 Born Anew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.4.8 The World Is Incapable of Reforming Itself. . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.4.9 Sola Scriptura, not Nuda Scriptura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Abbreviations CD Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics. 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