The Project Gutenberg EBook of Marooned in the Forest, by A. Hyatt Verrill This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Marooned in the Forest The Story of a Primitive Fight for Life Author: A. Hyatt Verrill Release Date: February 17, 2020 [EBook #61427] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAROONED IN THE FOREST *** Produced by Roger Frank (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library as digitized by Google.) A CRUSOE OF THE WILDERNESS MAROONED IN THE FOREST THE STORY OF A PRIMITIVE FIGHT FOR LIFE BY A. HYATT VERRILL AUTHOR OF “HARPER’S BOOK FOR YOUNG NATURALISTS” ETC. ILLUSTRATED HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS NEW YORK AND LONDON Books by ALPHEUS HYATT VERRILL MAROONED IN THE FOREST. Illustrated. HARPER’S BOOK FOR YOUNG NATURALISTS. Illustrated. 8vo HARPER’S WIRELESS BOOK Illustrated. Crown 8vo HARPER’S AIR CRAFT FOR BOYS Illustrated. Crown 8vo HARPER’S BOOK FOR YOUNG GARDENERS. Crown 8vo HARPER’S GASOLINE-ENGINE BOOK. Illustrated Crown 8vo. HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK Marooned in the Forest Copyright, 1916, by Harper & Brothers Printed in the United States of America Published May, 1916 CONTENTS Preface I. Alone in the Wilderness II. Food and Shelter III. Important Discoveries IV. I Set Forth on My Journey V. I Go a-Fishing VI. I Meet with an Accident VII. Crippled VIII. A Midnight Visitor IX. Winter Sets In X. Back to the Primitive XI. An Unexpected Meeting XII. Strange Adventures XIII. Spring Approaches XIV. I Find a Companion XV. The End of the Trail ILLUSTRATIONS A Crusoe of the Wilderness “I Called Out Joe’s Name” “I Emptied the Contents of My Pockets on a Rock” “I Struck the Stone with My Knife-blade” Setting the Deadfall “I Plucked a Bit of the Queer Growth and Tasted It” “With Steady Strokes I Whirled the Drill Around and Around” “I Aimed at the Sleek, Brown Body” “I Looked upon a Broad, Fair Valley” PREFACE If a man or a well-grown boy is lost in the wilderness, what can he do? Shall he whimper and give up? Never, if he has real blood in his veins. He faces a primitive struggle for life. It is a question of reinventing primitive means of living. How to make a fire, how to obtain food, how to clothe and shelter himself—these are the immediate problems to be met. He is a Robinson Crusoe of the wilderness. This story of a modern Crusoe in the far Northern forests embodies many actual experiences, and it is an epitome of the basic facts of outdoor life. In books like Harper’s Camping and Scouting, Outdoor Book, Young Naturalists, and others, the appliances of civilization are always at hand. It is a very different situation when one is lost in the depths of the forest without food, fire, weapons, or compass. But the problem of working out means of existence is one that will interest every lover of outdoor life, whether his interest is in camping, canoeing, fishing, or hunting, whether he is a member of the Boy Scouts or the Woodcraft Indians or simply an individual who knows the call of the wild. The adventures of Mr. Verrill’s hero forth a story of thrilling interest and constant suspense. And it is also full of suggestions which will stimulate many readers to work out some of the hero’s problems for themselves. MAROONED IN THE FOREST CHAPTER I ALONE IN THE WILDERNESS It all happened in the twinkling of an eye. I turned quickly at a sudden cry from Joe—my half-breed guide—in time to see him cast the handle of his broken paddle aside and leap forward for the extra paddle. Before he could reach it the canoe swerved, swung broadside to the rushing current, crashed sickeningly against the jagged rocks, and the next instant I was floundering about in the icy, swirling water. Bumping against rocks, struggling for breath, battling frantically with the torrent, I was swept down the river. Time and again my feet touched bottom, but each time, ere I could gain a foothold, I was drawn under, and each second I realized that my strength was growing less, that my lungs were bursting for air, and that in a few more moments all would be over. Down, down, I sank; above me the green water closed in and from my mouth and nostrils tiny bubbles of escaping air rose upward despite my every effort to withhold the scanty breath within my lungs. I was drowning I knew, and vaguely I wondered what had become of Joe, and how my friends would take the news of my loss here in this river of the great wilderness. Suddenly my foot touched a hard object. I threw all of my last remaining strength into a spasmodic kick and lost consciousness. Slowly I opened my eyes and with wonder looked upon a strip of deep-blue sky against which the dark-green boughs of evergreens were sharply outlined. For a space I marveled, for so firmly convinced had I been that I was drowned I could scarce realize that I was not looking with spiritual eyes at a scene in another world. Then it dawned upon me that through some miracle I had been saved, and with a mighty effort I sat up. I found myself upon the very brink of a little precipice—a natural dam over which the river fell in a miniature cataract, although the greater portion of the current swept to the left and poured like a mill-race through a narrow channel in the rocks. In a moment I realized how I had escaped. My final kick had driven me beyond the sweep of the current, I had been washed upon the edge of the waterfall, and my position had allowed the water to drain from my lungs. I was still terribly weak, I was choking with the water I had swallowed, my head swam, and with the utmost difficulty I half crawled, half waded to the shore and threw myself upon the moss-covered bank where rays of sunshine penetrated the foliage overhead. Although I was saved from death in the river by the merest chance, still my plight was desperate, for I was alone in the heart of the great woods, miles from civilization or settlements and without food, weapons, shelter, or anything save the clothes upon my back and the few trifles my pockets might contain. Possibly, I thought, the canoe might be washed ashore with its contents, or Joe might be safe and in the vicinity; and with these ideas strong in my mind I rose and slowly walked along the river’s bank. I was now rapidly regaining strength, and, with the aid of a stout pole of dead wood which I picked up, I had little trouble in making my way up the stream. Presently I called out Joe’s name, but only the soft echo of the woods replied. Again I trudged on, frequently calling and ever searching the edges of the stream and the eddies for the wreckage of the canoe, but not a sign of my guide or of my outfit could I find. At last, firmly convinced that Joe had been lost and that the canoe and its contents were gone forever, I seated myself upon a log and strove to collect myself and look squarely at the future. It would have been bad enough to be cast away in a country which I knew, but here I was completely at a loss. I had trusted entirely to Joe, and I knew nothing of this wilderness nor of the direction or route to the settlements; while, to make matters still worse, my compass had been lost in the river. The last was really the least of my troubles, for I had little doubt that I could readily determine which direction was east and which west by the sun, and I had also heard that the moss grew thickest on one side of the trees; but as to whether that side was north or south I could not remember, cudgel my brains as I might. I also knew, in a general way, that the settlements were southward from the camp we had left, and I knew that Joe had expected to reach them by running down with the current, paddling across a lake, and tramping through the woods, and that he had stated the entire trip would consume about five days. However, I could not even I guess how many miles we had traveled before the canoe upset, and I had taken no notice of the turns and twists in the river. For all I knew, the stream might flow east, or even north, at the spot where I had crawled ashore, and if I attempted to travel in any direction—using the flow of the current as my guide—I might easily travel directly away from my fellow-men. I CALLED OUT JOE’S NAME My sole hope of reaching civilization would be in following the banks of the river, and this I realized would mean many weary days of tramping alone and unguided through the great forest. Vainly I regretted having trusted so completely to Joe that I had paid no attention to the surroundings as we swept down the stream, and for that matter had not even asked for information which would have proved so valuable to me now. But it was wasting valuable time to spend the few remaining hours of daylight in regrets, and I was thankful for the few odds and ends of woodcraft and forest lore I had picked up during my life in the woods. My clothing had partly dried, but with the passing of the bit of sunlight from the opening between the trees the air had become chilly and I was shivering with cold, the strain of my recent experience and my forebodings for the future. Rising from my seat, I strode back and forth, swinging my arms and striving by exercise to regain in some measure the circulation of my blood and a feeling of warmth. Activity, even of this forced sort, did me a world of good, and I began to plan for my immediate wants. Shelter I must have, and warmth, before night fell, and while I was not at the moment hungry, I realized that food of some sort would become a most pressing need by the following morning. Shelter without warmth would be of little value, and I thought with longing of the roaring fires which Joe had built before our camps each night and about which we had lounged while telling tales of past adventures. Fire I must obtain, and in a mad hope that at least one good match might still remain in my pockets, I sought feverishly and emptied every one of my pockets upon a smooth rock. My total possessions thus displayed consisted of a small bunch of keys, a few small coins, a cambric handkerchief, a heavy jackknife, and the headless sticks of some matches from which the phosphorus had been completely soaked off. I gazed at these few articles with the bitterest disappointment, for of them all the knife was, as far as I could see, the only thing of any value to me in my present plight. With it I thought I might be able to fashion a bow-drill and spindle and thus obtain fire, for in my youth I had accomplished this feat when “playing Indian,” but I well knew the difficulty in obtaining just the proper kinds of wood and I realized that a search for them would consume much valuable time, whereas but an hour or two of daylight now remained. Then flint and steel occurred to me. I had the steel in my knife, but I did not know whether flint was to be obtained in the vicinity. However, I rose, made my way to the stony edge of the river, and sought diligently for some bit of rock which resembled flint. Each piece that struck my fancy I tried with my knife, and several gave off faint, bright sparks. All these I pocketed and, having obtained quite an assortment, I retraced my way to the rock whereon I had left my other possessions and prepared to try my hand at obtaining fire by means of my knife and the pebbles. I realized that the tiny sparks which I could obtain in this way would never ignite a twig, or even a bit of bark, and that some inflammable tinder, which would catch the spark and which could then be fanned to a flame, must be secured before I could hope to succeed. As I was thinking of this my gaze fell upon a black-edged hole in my handkerchief. It had been burned, a couple of days before, by a spark from Joe’s pipe blown back by the wind. The incident was too trivial to have filled my thoughts for an instant at another time, but now all its details came back to me with a rush and I gave a shout of joy as I suddenly realized that this burnt hole and the events which had caused it had actually solved my puzzle. Seizing the square of cotton cloth, which was now quite dry, I weighted it down with bits of stone—for the apparently useless handkerchief had now become of the utmost value to me—and hurried into the woods in search of dry twigs and other inflammable material. I had not long to hunt, for dead and dried trees were all about; several white birches furnished sheets of paper-like bark, and with a great armful of fire-wood I returned to my rock. Gathering the handkerchief into a loosely crumpled mass, I placed it on the rock, held the most promising of my pebbles close to it, and struck the stone sharply with the back of my knife-blade. A little shower of sparks flew forth at the blow, but none fell upon the handkerchief. Again and again I tried, each time holding the stone in a different position and trying my best to cause the sparks to fall upon the handkerchief. Finally I gathered the cloth in my hand, held the pebble in the midst of its folds, and struck it. Sparks gleamed against the handkerchief, but no sign of charring cloth or wisp of smoke rewarded me. Surely, I thought, these sparks must be as hot as the tiny, glowing ember from Joe’s pipe, and I unfolded and examined the handkerchief about the burned spot. Perhaps, I thought, this particular part of the cloth was more inflammable than the rest, and again gathering up the handkerchief, with the old burn close to the pebble, I again struck it with my knife. Carefully I examined the cloth and the next instant dropped knife and pebble and cried aloud in triumph, for at one edge of the charred hole a tiny speck of red glowed in the dusk of coming evening, and spread rapidly in size. Carefully I blew upon it, folded another corner of the cloth against it, and waved it back and forth. Brighter and brighter it gleamed; a tiny thread of pungent smoke arose from it and an instant later a little tongue of flame sprang from the cambric, and I knew that fire, warmth, and comfort were mine. It was but an instant’s work to ignite a piece of birch bark and push it among the pile of wood and twigs, and then, carefully extinguishing the handkerchief—for it had now grown very precious in my eyes—I squatted before the blazing fire and reveled in the comforting warmth from its glow. Although it was too late to consider ways and means of shelter that night, I knew that I could keep warm, and as soon as the chill and stiffness had been driven from my bones and muscles I set diligently at work gathering great piles of fuel to feed the flames during the night. Several large logs were close by, and these, with much labor, I dragged to the fire and placed near at hand to use later on when I went to sleep. By the time I had accumulated a supply which I judged would last through the night, I discovered that I was very hungry. I had not eaten since the forenoon, and I had worked strenuously, to say nothing of the utter exhaustion occasioned by my semi-drowning. My efforts to obtain fire and the extent to which I had concentrated my mind on this problem had kept me up and doing until now, but, once the fire was blazing merrily and an ample supply of fuel was at hand, I felt weary beyond words, famished, and absolutely worn out. “I EMPTIED THE CONTENTS OF MY POCKETS ON A ROCK” “I STRUCK THE STONE WITH MY KNIFE-BLADE” The sun had set and the forest was black as midnight, but the sky was still faintly bright with the afterglow and the river shone silvery as it swirled and eddied between its shadowy banks. There was no hope of finding berries, roots, or other edibles in the woods after dusk. I had no means of catching game or fish, which, I knew, were abundant, and I commenced to think that I would die a miserable death of starvation before morning, when I suddenly recollected having seen a number of fresh-water mussels in some shallow backwaters of the river while hunting for my flinty pebbles. I had never eaten these shell- fish, but I felt sure they were edible, and, seizing a blazing pine knot from the fire, I made my way to the shore and soon found the pools where I had noticed the mollusks. There were not many—a bare dozen were all I could find that night—but these I felt would be far better than nothing, and in a few moments I had them baking on a bed of hot coals. Hardly waiting for them to cook, I raked them forth and devoured them ravenously, and never did choicest food taste so delicate, so delicious, and so welcome to my lips as did those half-baked, slimy, unseasoned mussels eaten beside my fire in the midst of the wilderness. Few as they were, they served to refresh me greatly and to drive away the most pressing pangs of hunger, and, much as I desired more, I had not the strength or ambition to trudge up and down the river-bank searching for the shells. Piling several huge logs on the fire, I formed a rude bed of fir twigs and, casting myself upon this, fell instantly into a deep, dreamless sleep. CHAPTER II FOOD AND SHELTER I was awakened by a shaft of sunlight striking my face, and opened my eyes to find the day well advanced. My first thought was of the fire, which had burned completely out. A thread of bluish smoke rose from the heap of ashes, however, and by raking these aside and thrusting bits of birch bark amid the embers I soon had a new blaze started, which I piled high with dry wood. I was wonderfully strengthened and refreshed by my long sleep, but I was all but famished, and as soon as the fire was going well I hurried to the river for more mussels. I found a few here and a few there, and with a dozen or two went back to the fire and presently was breakfasting off the shell-fish. I realized that while these would serve to prevent me from dying of hunger and they were wonderfully welcome in my present starved condition, I would be forced to search for something else to eat very soon. In the first place, the supply of the bivalves was limited. They would, I felt, prove far from palatable save when I was very hungry, and I doubted how much nourishment was contained in their flabby meat. Had I possessed firearms or even fishing-tackle my plight would not have been bad, for birds and animals could, I knew, be readily found in the woods, while trout and other fish were abundant everywhere in the wilderness streams. As I ate my mussels I sought to devise some method of securing game, but every plan that occurred to me was spoiled by some unsurmountable obstacle which arose. I had often snared game and had even caught partridges with a slender noose on the end of a pole—for in the north woods these birds sit stupidly upon the low fir-trees and allow the hunter to pull them from their perches without taking flight. But a snare required a fine line, a slender wire, or a horsehair, and I had none. Fishing with a line was cast aside as out of the question for the same reason, with the added lack of a hook. Then a bow and arrow occurred to me, but I soon realized that arrows without feathers or sharp, heavy points would be impossible, and that neither heads nor feathers were within reach. Then I thought of spears, for I knew that many savage tribes used spears both in fishing and in hunting, and I decided to try my skill at harpooning some unsuspicious fish or some unusually stupid partridge. It was a long time before I could find a straight, light stick for a haft, but at last I found a slender pole of weathered, dried spruce cast up by the river, and, by dint of whittling and trimming, this was worked into a very straight, well-balanced shaft which I judged would fulfil my requirements. I tried throwing it several times and found it easy to handle, but that it could not be depended upon, for one end was nearly as heavy as the other and it would fly sideways and strike a glancing blow as frequently as it would strike end on. I realized that a head of some sort was required, but this I could not furnish, and rather than lose all the time I had spent on it I determined to try my hand at spearing a fish before throwing my weapon aside. Whittling the end to a sharp point and cutting numerous barbs, or notches, in it, I walked to the river and looked carefully into each pool and backwater. I saw several fish, but each flitted out of view as the spear was plunged downward, and I was about to abandon my attempts when luck favored me. Approaching one small pool, I gave a little start as a great bullfrog leaped almost from beneath my feet with a loud croak. A moment later he appeared on the farther side of the pool, his goggly eyes just showing above the water, and, approaching him carefully, I drove my sharpened stick at his big, green body. It was a lucky stroke, for the frog was fairly impaled upon the stick, and I drew my first victim from his watery home with a wonderful feeling of elation to think that unaided and alone I had actually succeeded in hunting and capturing a live, wild creature to serve my needs. Strangely enough, frogs had not occurred to me hitherto, but, now that I had obtained one, I bestirred myself to capture a number. I realized that with my crude spear I could not expect to kill many frogs, and that my first success was pure luck more than anything else. Many a time when a boy I had speared frogs when spending my summers on a farm, and now that frogs were in my mind I remembered the two- or three-pronged spears which the farmers’ boys used. I was still hungry, and while my frog was broiling I busied myself in making a real frog-spear. It was not a difficult task. I had only to attach two slender, barbed pieces of hard wood to the sides of my spear. I had some trouble in binding them on, but I sacrificed strips of my clothing for the purpose, and although the completed spear was very crude, I felt sure it would serve its purpose. I knew, however, that it would soon be blunted and broken among the rocks of the river and I also knew that in such spots frogs would be scarce and that in muddy or stagnant pools I would stand a much better chance of finding them. No swamps or pools were in the immediate vicinity, but I had little doubt that I could find some by a short tramp. I was very anxious to try my spear, but I also realized that I must give time and thought to constructing a shelter to protect me in case of rain, and, reluctantly abandoning my frog-hunt for the time being, I gave my whole attention to the problem of house-building. I had seen many a shack or “lean-to” built and had helped at the work myself, but without an ax I knew that to build even the smallest and simplest shelter would necessitate a tremendous amount of hard labor and would present almost insurmountable difficulties. With only a pocket-knife to cut the necessary trees, poles, and branches, I would be obliged to make the shack of small stuff, and I trembled to think what fate might have in store for me if I should break my knife in an attempt to cut tough branches from the trees. However, if I was to have a shelter at all it behooved me to begin at once, and I started forth to select a site for my home. I found a sheltered, dry knoll with good drainage a short distance from the river and with plenty of building material in the form of balsam firs, pines, and birches near at hand. I first selected two young trees, about five feet apart, and from these I cut the lower branches, leaving the stubs projecting a few inches. Across two of these I placed a light spruce pole and from the ends of this I laid other poles extending back at an angle to the ground. This all sounds very simple and easy, now that I come to write it down, but as a matter of fact it required hours of hard, back-breaking, hand-blistering work, and by the time this much was accomplished I was faint with hunger. I succeeded in finding and eating a few mussels, but I had no time to devote to frog-hunting, and hurried back to my house-building. Across the two slanting poles other lighter poles were placed, and over these the broad “fans” of fir were spread like shingles, the lowest layer being placed first with each succeeding layer overlapping the last. This was comparatively easy work, for the twigs were small and easy to cut, and by late afternoon I had a shack which, though not by any means complete, was far better than nothing but the blue sky for a shelter. HOW THE “LEAN-TO” WAS BUILT I had an hour or two of daylight left, and determined to look for a likely spot for frogs. I dared not walk far into the forest for fear of losing my way in the fading afternoon light, but even a tramp of a few hundred yards away from the river was enough to convince me that there were no swamps or ponds in the vicinity, for the ground was quite hilly and rocky. Deciding that my only chance lay in finding stray frogs in the pools of the river, I walked down-stream for some distance, searching carefully wherever there was a backwater or a puddle of water along the shore. I found a number of mussels, which I pocketed, but no sign of frogs until I had traveled perhaps half a mile from my fire. At this point a small brook fell in a tiny cascade over the bank into the river, and, clambering up, I found that the little stream ran through an open vale or glade luxuriant with ferns, brush, and rank-growing plants. The stones over which it flowed were dark with a coating of moss, and in the deep, still pools between the boulders I caught glimpses of great speckled trout lurking in the shadows. It was an ideal trout-brook and I tried my best to spear one of the beautiful fish, but without success. However, I was rather pleased at my discovery, for even without fishing-tackle I felt confident that I could dam up one of the pools, bail out the water, and catch the trout with my hands. But there was no time for this just then. In the hope of finding a frog I went on up the brook. I had all but given up in despair when I reached a second miniature waterfall, and above this cascade I came upon a little pond surrounded by alders and birches. It was a cool, shady spot and the dark, black water flecked with patches of green weeds and lily-pads gave promise of frogs. Hardly had I reached the edge of the pool when I spied a fine bullfrog squatting among the weeds, and a moment later he had been successfully speared. I was delighted with the success of my crude weapon and crept cautiously around the pond, seeking more victims. Frogs were plentiful and were very tame, for probably man had never disturbed them, and before the growing dusk warned me that it was time to return to my camp I had obtained seven fine, big hoppers. As I was making my way toward the brook and the cascade I was startled by some good-sized creature which sprang from the grass at the border of the pond and plunged into the water. A moment later I saw a furry, brown head followed by a silvery, rippling wake, cleaving the placid surface of the pond, and realized that the animal which had caused my momentary fright was merely a harmless muskrat. I stopped and watched the creature for several moments and longed to be able to secure him, for I well knew that muskrats are edible and are even esteemed a delicacy. More than once I had eaten their tender, white meat when cooked by Joe. It was useless to give the matter any consideration, however, for without a gun the muskrat was far beyond my reach, and reluctantly I proceeded on my way. Presently I noticed a path-like trail winding through the grass and weeds, and, looking closely, discovered the imprint of little feet upon the soft and muddy ground. I recognized the muskrat’s runway, and with the realization came the thought that I might trap the rats. To be sure, I had no traps at hand, but I had seen deadfalls set in the woods by the fur trappers and, while my memory was hazy as to just how they were arranged, I felt quite confident that my ingenuity would find a way to rig up some sort of snare or deadfall which would serve my purpose. With my mind filled with such thoughts I made my way back to my fire, which I reached just as darkness fell upon the wilderness. I dined well that night on frogs, and placed my mussels in a pool beside the river as a reserve for another day. Much of the evening I spent experimenting with bits of twigs and sticks of wood, endeavoring to devise a deadfall, and by dint of racking my memory for details of traps I had seen, and by trying various methods, I finally discovered several different triggers which I felt would work, and, well satisfied with my day’s labors and success, I fell asleep upon a bed of soft fir branches in the lean-to. A couple of the frogs, which I had kept over, with a few mussels, served for my breakfast the next morning, and I then set diligently at work to complete my shelter, for a light shower had fallen during the night and my clothes were soaking wet when I awoke. To make the roof water-tight was my first consideration and to accomplish this I peeled sheets of birch bark from the trees, laid them like shingles on the roof, and secured them in place by rocks from the river-bed. At first I had trouble in preventing the stones from sliding and rolling off the slanting roof, but I soon devised a means of holding them in position by placing light branches across the roof and catching their ends on the projecting stubs of the roof timbers. In many ways I was greatly handicapped for want of string or rope. It occurred to me that strips of birch bark might serve, but I soon found that this had no strength to speak of, and I determined to try other materials. The Indians, I well knew, used bark, roots, and withes for rope, but I had no knowledge of the particular barks, roots, or withes which they employed, and I set myself to experimenting with everything that grew in the neighborhood. I soon eliminated many as useless, although certain roots appeared tough and fibrous, but these were all too gnarled and knobby or too short to serve as string. It was then that I began to realize how little I really knew of woodcraft or forest lore, although I had spent so many vacations in the woods. No doubt Joe or any other woodsman would have found life easy and simple if cast, as I was, upon his resources in the forest, but I had depended so completely upon others’ knowledge that I was obliged to seek blindly for the simplest things and only occasionally remembered some trifling bit of woodcraft which I had seen when in Joe’s company in the forest. While thinking of this I was sitting beside my hut. When I attempted to rise, my hand came in contact with a sharp stub projecting from the earth. It was a small thing—merely a twig which I had cut off while clearing the open space before my shelter—and to avoid further trouble with it, I grasped it and strove to pull it up. Much to my surprise, it resisted my efforts. Seizing it with both hands, I jerked at it with all my strength. Slowly it gave, and then, with a ripping sound, broke from the loose, thin earth, and I tumbled backward and sprawled upon the ground. I was curious to learn how such a small thing could be so strongly embedded in the soil and I examined it carefully. Attached to the bit of stem was a mass of long, fibrous roots. Seizing one of these, I attempted to break it. I twisted and pulled, but the root remained intact, and suddenly it dawned upon me that here was the very material I desired—that these roots were as strong and tough as hempen rope, and that by merest accident I had stumbled upon the very thing for which I had been searching. Unfortunately, I did not know what plant the roots belonged to, for only an inch or two of stem remained, and while the supply of roots it bore would serve my present needs, I was very anxious to learn the identity of the useful growth in case I should require more roots in the future. With this end in view I set about comparing the bark and wood with other young sprouts in the vicinity, and whenever one resembled it I pulled it up and examined the roots. I searched for some time before I was rewarded, and discovered that my lucky find was a young hemlock. Pine fir, spruce, and other trees I had tried in vain, but hemlocks were not abundant, and those about were mostly large and had been passed by in my former search. Now that I had discovered a source of supply of binding materials, many problems which had confronted me were simplified and I was greatly encouraged. It must not be supposed that during these first days of my life in the wilderness I had given no thought to making my way to the settlements. In fact, this matter was ever present in my mind, but the very first day I had decided that before I attempted to make my way out of the woods I must be equipped to secure food, provide shelter, and make fires. Anxious as I was to reach civilization, yet I knew how foolhardy it would be to start blindly forth, trusting to luck for food or shelter, and with my limited knowledge of woodcraft. Here, where I had been cast ashore, I was safe, at any rate, provided I could secure enough to eat, and I determined to make my headquarters at this spot until I could learn by experience something of the resources of the forest and how to make use of them. Already I had acquired much useful knowledge, and I felt that if I could only succeed in trapping animals or snaring birds I could start forth on my weary tramp in comparative safety as far as starvation was concerned. I should have felt far more confident if I could have carried food with me, and I wondered if it would be possible to dry or cure frogs, mussels, or other meat. I knew that the Indians dried venison and made pemmican, which I had frequently eaten, and I had heard of certain tribes who subsisted upon dried salmon, but venison was unattainable with my present resources, and I was not at all sure that trout, even if I succeeded in obtaining them, would dry like salmon. Finally I decided to experiment, and, lacking all else, to carry a supply of live mussels along when I set forth. These shells, I knew, would live for several hours without water, and, as I intended to follow the river, I could easily keep them alive by frequent immersions in the water. Such thoughts brought up the question of vegetables, and I wondered if in these woods there were edible roots or tubers of any kind. I remembered many boyhood books and stories telling of men lost in the woods and subsisting upon roots and berries, but, try as I might, I could not remember a single one which told just what roots and berries provided sustenance for the fictitious heroes. Berries, I felt sure, existed somewhere in the woods, but, aside from blueberries or blackberries and the tiny scarlet partridge berries, I knew of none which were edible, and I smiled to think how hungry I would be if I depended upon the meager and uncertain supply of such things for a livelihood. Once, when a youngster, I had dug up and eaten ground-nuts, but they were gritty, tasteless things, and moreover I could only tell where they grew by the delicate white flowers which bloomed only in the spring. Nuts did not exist in this forest, or, if they did, they were not ripe at this season, and I therefore cast aside all ideas of securing a supply of vegetable food. Determined to try my hand at trapping and also to attempt to capture some trout, I started again for the brook, carrying a supply of hemlock roots and my spear. It occurred to me that by braiding fine roots together I could devise a fishing-line, but the question of a hook then confronted me and I decided to try my plan of bailing the water from a pool before experimenting with hookmaking. I soon found a pool containing several fine fish, and cautiously, for fear the trout might slip out among the stones, I piled gravel and small rocks in all the visible crevices which connected the pool with the running waters of the brook. This accomplished, I piled rocks across the little channel where the brook ran into the pool, and by chinking all the crevices with grass, twigs, and mud I at last had the satisfaction of seeing the water diverted to one side. The pool, with its fish, now remained cut off from the surrounding water, and all I had to do was to scoop out the contents, leave the trout floundering about on the bottom, and pick them up with my hands. This all sounds very simple and easy, but I had no scoop with which to bail out the water, and until I attempted the work I did not dream what a task I had set myself. I first tried bailing out the water with my hands, but as fast as I threw it out more oozed in through tiny crevices and I soon gave this up as impossible. Then it occurred to me that one of my shoes might serve as a dipper and, removing it from my foot, I tried to throw out the water by this means. I did succeed in making some progress, but very little, and I commenced to think that all my work had gone for naught when a bit of birch bark caught my eye and I had an inspiration. Many a time I had used birch-bark dippers and cups for drinking, when in camp with Joe, and I had seen boxes, packs, and other utensils made of the material. In fact, Joe had once proved to me that water could be boiled in a birch-bark dish, and I laughed to think how I had so far overlooked the manifold uses to which the bark could be put. It took but a few moments to strip a large sheet of bark from a convenient tree, and but a few moments more to bend this into a deep, boxlike form. The ends were easily secured by means of the hemlock roots, and with the bark dipper, which would easily hold a gallon of water, I proceeded to empty the pool. In a very short time the water was reduced to an inch or two at the bottom and the flashing, bright-colored fish were flopping about among the stones. Four fine trout were the reward of my labors, and, placing them in my birch-bark dipper and covering them with cool leaves, I set them among the bushes beside the brook to await my return and then made my way toward the muskrat runway to set the trap. SETTING THE DEADFALL I did not know what sort of food the muskrat ate and I therefore decided to arrange a trap which would be sprung by the rat passing along the trail. First I placed a smooth stick of wood across the run, and on either side among the grass I drove two stakes with a space of a few inches between them. In this space I slipped a fairly heavy log which I found beside the pond, and I then lashed the tops of the stakes together so the log could slide readily up and down between the stakes which served as guides, and across the lashing of roots I laid a light stick. For a trigger I selected an “L”-shaped twig, and from one end of this I tied a strong root, with the other end of the fastening looped about the heavy log. This was adjusted until, when the trigger was placed across the light stick between the uprights, the heavy log was raised a few inches above the log set in the pathway. Next a very light stick was placed just above the lower log and the end of the trigger was placed resting against this, so that the pressure of the drop-log forced the trigger against the stakes. It was a very simple arrangement, but I knew that if any creature attempted to pass over the log upon the ground he would of necessity move the trigger-stick and allow the log to drop upon his back. The trap being set, I spent some time in securing a supply of frogs about the pond, and then started toward camp. I soon reached the brook and turned aside for the trout in their birch-bark receptacle, thinking with pleasurable anticipation of the fine meal in store for me. HOW THE DEADFALL WAS ARRANGED I passed the pool, which was now rapidly filling up again, pushed aside the bushes, and gave a gasp of astonishment—the birch-bark dish was lying on its side, absolutely empty. CHAPTER III IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES For a moment I was almost stunned by the discovery, but presently I realized that some prowling creature had robbed me of the fish which I had taken such pains to capture, and that I had only myself to blame for leaving the trout so carelessly within reach of any four-footed thief that might pass by. It was a keen disappointment to be deprived of my expected feast, but there was nothing to be done save to drain another pool and capture more fish, if I wanted to eat trout that day. I was anxious, however, to discover what manner of beast had stolen my fish, and I sought carefully in the soft earth and among the vegetation for signs of footprints. I had not long to search and soon discovered a number of tracks which I recognized as those of a fisher-cat, a large, marten-like animal which every woodsman knows for an inveterate thief. My first thought was to set a trap to capture the fisher, but, knowing the flesh to be unfit to eat, I abandoned the idea as a waste of time and trouble and set about my work of draining another pool. This time I selected a rocky basin worn by the water of the brook in the ledge itself—a sort of pot-hole—with solid walls which obviated the necessity of chinking up the openings and crevices as I was obliged to do in the pool I had drained before. With my birch-bark dipper the work of bailing out the pot- hole was simple and I soon secured a couple of good-sized trout. With these and my frogs I dined well and decided to set forth on my tramp as soon as possible, for, now that I could obtain fish so readily, I had little fear of starving, for I knew that every brook and river in the forest swarmed with trout. I deemed it wise, however, first to wait until I could be sure of determining the exact points of the compass, and I also wished to determine the success or failure of my deadfall. Although the sun shone through the cleft in the forest formed by the stream, yet it gave me only a vague idea of direction, and while I knew by the sun that the river flowed in a more or less southerly course at this spot, yet I wished to familiarize myself with the various compass points and to discover some other means of distinguishing north from south and east from west, for I had little doubt that there would be many days on which the sun would not shine. Accordingly, on the following morning I started into the woods while the sun was yet low, to study and reason out any signs which would aid me in maintaining a straight course through the forest. As soon as I was well into the woods I looked about with minute care for any details which would be of use and also examined the trees very carefully for moss and lichens, for, as I have already mentioned, I had heard that moss grew more abundantly on one side of trees than the other, but I had forgotten which side it was. Nearly every tree was well covered with lichens and moss and I could not see that these growths were any thicker on one side than the other. I was about to abandon this scheme for determining direction when I made a discovery. Glancing up and down the trunks in search of the moss growths, I noticed that one side of every tree was dark-colored and damp, whereas the other side was grayish and drier, and the damp side I soon found corresponded to the north as determined by my glimpse of the sun above the river. I was quite elated by this and I now noticed that the mosses did appear heavier and more luxuriant on the damp side of the trees than on the dry side. A further scrutiny and comparison of the various trees also convinced me that the branches, twigs, and leaves were thicker and more regular on the south side of the trees than on the north, and that more dried and dead branches and stubs projected from the north side of the trees than from the south side. Fixing these facts in my mind, I determined to test my discoveries by actual experiment, and without looking at the tree trunks I wandered aimlessly ahead for several hundred yards. Then, closing my eyes, I walked slowly about for some time, bumping into numerous trees and tripping over fallen branches several times—until I felt that I had lost all sense of direction. Then, opening my eyes, I looked about. I was out of sight or sound of the river, the only signs of sunshine were faint, bright patches amid the lofty foliage of the trees, and nothing was in view which seemed familiar. For a moment my heart thumped and I shuddered to think what might happen if my signs failed and I could not find my way back to the river. It was a dangerous experiment, the peril of which I did not fully realize even then, but, pulling myself together, I focused my attention on the trees about me. There was no question about it, scarcely a glance was needed to show me which side of the trees faced the north and which the south, and, knowing that the river flowed to the east of the woods wherein I stood, I turned and started to retrace my steps. Even as I did so I realized how important was my newly acquired knowledge of this feature of woodcraft, for the direction which I had felt sure would lead me toward the river was exactly opposite to that which was shown to be right by the trees. I was greatly pleased, for now I knew that in case rapids, cascades, or cliffs prevented me from following the river I could make detours through the forest, and, moreover, where the river turned and swung from its southerly course I could save miles of weary tramping by cutting across through the woods. Thinking of such matters and only glancing now and then at the trees to assure myself of my direction, I was suddenly aroused by a large hare or rabbit which leaped from beside a dead stump almost at my feet and scampered off among the shadows. For a moment I stood still, watching the creature as he flashed across the open spaces and thinking regretfully what a fine supply of food was flitting beyond my reach. Then glancing down, I caught sight of a great mass of fungous growth upon the base of the stump from which the hare had jumped. The fungus was dull orange or yellow and grew in a form resembling sponge or coral. I had often seen the same thing before and had never given it more than a momentary glance, but this mass instantly riveted my attention, for one side of it had been eaten away and bits of the nibbled fungus were strewn upon the earth. This, then, was what the hare had been eating and I realized that by setting a snare or trap beside it I might be able to capture the rabbit. There was no time like the present for attempting the feat, and I at once set about preparing a trap. It was merely a simple “twitch-up,” such as every farmer’s boy uses for catching rabbits, partridge, and other small creatures, and while a few days before it would have been beyond me, it was now simple, with my knowledge of hemlock roots and the self-reliance which I was so rapidly acquiring. Cutting a number of short sticks, I pushed them into the earth about the fungus, thus inclosing it on all sides but one. On either side of the opening thus left I drove two stout stakes with notches near their upper ends. From a bit of dead wood I then whittled out a spindle-shaped piece just long enough to reach from one of these stakes to the other. Then with a fine