M A R K I V A 7 V Villers-Bretonneux 1918 DAVID R. HIGGINS MARK IV A7V Villers-Bretonneux 1918 DAVID R. HIGGINS CONTENTS Introduction 4 Chronology 6 Design and Development 8 Technical Specifications 22 The Strategic Situation 35 The Combatants 42 Combat 54 Statistics and Analysis 71 Aftermath 75 Bibliography 77 Index 80 INTRODUCTION At the turn of the 21st century main battle tanks possess a range of internal and external systems designed to project power and protect their crews from a host of threats, including kinetic penetrators, shaped-charge projectiles, intelligent homing submunitions, mines and laser-guided artillery. In addition to active defence munitions and explosive reactive armour, over-pressurized, clean-air conditioned cabins, and multi-layer tungsten, steel, plastic and ceramic armour plates (Chobham) further provide a nuclear, biological and chemical-resistant working environment backed by automatic Halon fire extinguishers, and ammunition- and fuel-separating armoured bulkheads. Operationally, 120mm-plus main guns can launch 1,750m/s projectiles to attack targets over 4,000m away, while 1,500hp engines enable 60-tonne-plus vehicles to achieve speeds of over 70km/h. When integrated within a modern, all-arms fighting force comprising fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, artillery, and mechanized infantry, the tank represents the core component of any military’s conventional, as well as asymmetrical, ground force because of its ability to facilitate the taking and holding of terrain. A century before, such technologies would have exceeded the wildest imaginings of even the most far-sighted military futurist. While the Industrial Revolution stimulated a host of advances in technology, agriculture, manufacturing and transport during the 18th and 19th centuries, its science-based perspective expanded into chemical, electrical, steel and railway applications. Building on steam-powered motors, German inventors in the late 19th century improved upon the recently developed petrol-powered internal combustion engine, which due to its small size and efficient output, was soon mated to increasingly robust wheeled car, lorry and agricultural tractor designs. Competition and mass production subsequently promoted the rapid maturation and distribution of such 4 technologies in civilian, as well as military applications. At the outbreak of World War I on 28 July 1914, fielding and maintaining massive armies was no longer the dominant contributor to wartime success that it had been, as technology and manufacturing grew in importance. As had occurred during earlier conflicts, such as the American Civil War and the Franco-Prussian War, railways proved a considerable operational asset in that they transported large numbers of men and materiel literally to the front lines. Road networks similarly retained their battlefield importance, and cars, lorries and motorcycles were correspondingly produced in ever greater numbers. While this would seemingly have helped maintain movement in what many assumed would be a short war, the widespread use of barbed wire, rapid-firing artillery and the machine gun led to an operational stalemate across north-eastern France and Belgium. As defence now proved markedly superior to offence, even the largest armies lacked the ability to penetrate their adversary’s interlocked succession of fortified positions, which extended from the English Channel to the Swiss border. With no discernable flank to turn, frontal assaults predominated, which – even if successful – amounted to little more than a tactical breach, as the mass of foot-slogging infantry suffered unsustainable casualties, and lacked the endurance to exploit any opportunities generated. After a year of minimal progress for considerable effort, both sides looked for ways to return manoeuvring to the static Western Front. Although Germany’s offensive to take Paris as the war opened was foiled at the River Marne, the Germans’ possession of much of north-eastern France meant the Allies’ operational focus was largely based on driving their enemy out. Throughout 1915, the near-pathological French desire to regain lost territory resulted in costly battles at Neuve Chapelle, Second Ypres, Festubert and Loos, especially against a German army that was largely content to incorporate a force-multiplying defensive stance to conserve limited resources. The Germans, having experienced largely fluid battles in the East, decided on a solution to break the stalemate on the Western Front that focused on numerous, heavily armed, specialist infantry assault units, which would infiltrate, isolate and weaken enemy positions prior to the arrival of the masses of their more conventional comrades. While the Allies increasingly adopted such tactics after 1917, their greater resources permitted a broader approach. This ranged from operationally flanking their German and Austro-Hungarian adversaries, for example at Gallipoli and in Italy, to technological and manufacturing solutions, including bullet-resistant ‘land battleships’. A pair of Mark IV (females) during the fighting around Cambrai in 1917. Their front and sponson Lewis machine guns have been removed to avoid getting snagged and damaged in the rugged environment. Note the spotter on the top of each vehicle helping the driver navigate. (Illustrated War News) 5 CHRONOLOGY 1915 20 February Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, establishes a ‘Landships Committee’ to explore domestic tank development. 1916 12 January ‘Centipede’, British Mark I’s trapezoid-shaped tank prototype, first runs. 15 September Tanks (Mark Is) first used in combat near Delville Wood during the battle of Flers-Courcelette. 13 November Germany initiates development of its first tank, the A7V. ATD 2’s ‘Wotan’ (563) entraining on 5 June 1918, north-east of Reims, In the early summer of 1918 ATD 2 participated in a demonstration on a 4-axle 32-tonne SSml flat-car (subsequently damaged by the some 40km east of Villers-Bretonneux, while A7Vs 502/540, 505 tank’s weight), from a makeshift earthen ramp covering a portion of and 507 underwent transition to Sockellafette mounts at the nearby track. For transport, crewmen have removed the protruding machine workshop. The closest vehicle is likely to be 503 (with removed front/ guns, partially collapsed the conn, stowed a ready-to-use camouflage rear conn plates), with 505 or 507 in the middle (before the change) net on the upper rear and inserted a protective barrel tompion. Note the and 504 in the distance. (NARA) Roman numeral III between the side iron crosses. (NARA) 666666666666666666666666 An immobilized Mark IV (male) serving as a dug-out’s cover. Note the track ‘spuds’ and the penetration’s irregular shape indicating the armour’s hardness, but limited flexibility. (Illustrated War News) 1917 7 June Mark IVs are first used in combat at Messines Ridge. 27 July Heavy Branch, British Machine Gun Corps, renamed the Tank Corps. 29 September The Prussian War Ministry organizes the first A7V units. October (late) First A7V, ‘Gretchen’ (501), Pozières Tank Memorial, marking where tanks first set off for combat is completed. on 15 September 1916. The surrounding barrier is made from early tank driving chains, and is supported by 6-pounder gun barrels. 20 November 378 Mark IVs attack en masse Displayed models are the Mark IV, Mark V, Mark I Gun-Carrier and in the Cambrai sector. Mark A Whippet. (Author) 1918 21 March A7Vs first used in combat near 8 August 414 British and French tanks Saint-Quentin, as part of participate in the battle of Amiens, Operation Michael. which precipitates a general 24 April A7Vs and Mark IVs fight history’s German withdrawal in the West. first tank-on-tank action at 8 October British Mark IVs fight captured Villers-Bretonneux. German (Beute) Mark IVs in the 22/23 June The Tank Corps conducts the Séranvillers–Niergnies–Awoingt first night action with armour area, south-east of Cambrai. at Bucquoy. 11 October Final German use of A7Vs during 4 July 60 British Whippets and new Mark Vs help take Hamel, World War I, at Iwuy, northeast alongside US forces, in the of Cambrai. vehicles’ combat debut. 1 November Final Beute action at Sebourg. 7777777777777777777777777777777 DESIGN AND DE VELOPMENT MARK IV In an effort to find a solution for how best to break the Western Front deadlock and reintroduce battlefield mobility, British designers, engineers and entrepreneurs concocted a variety of technological remedies that were frequently of little or no practical value. Tracked vehicles, however, showed promise in addressing the unique demands of contemporary front-line combat, and much of the developmental focus responded accordingly. Having struggled to sell their patented ‘caterpillar’ track (aka ‘creeping grip’) tractors domestically, Richard Hornsby & Sons of Lincolnshire sold the rights to the American Holt Manufacturing Company in 1911. The company, ironically, was later purchased by Britain to produce heavy artillery transports. While observing these prime movers in action on 19 October 1914, the British war correspondent Major Ernest Swinton considered the possibility of adapting them to more aggressive uses, of the sort that had been portrayed in H.G. Wells’s 1903 science fiction short story, ‘The Land Ironclads’. Although he promoted the idea of a bulletproof tracked vehicle to Colonel Maurice Hankey (the Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence), Field Marshal John French and other senior British Army staff officers, the unconventional concept 8 garnered little support. This was officially attributed to limited industrial capacity, British ROD803 Rolls-Royce Armoured Car (1914 Pattern). The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) Armoured Car Division applied 6mm armour plating to a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost passenger car chassis, which possessed excellent durability and cross-country capabilities. Armed with a turreted Maxim machine gun, it was used primarily for patrol duties. (Captain S. Walter) and high estimated research and production costs, but also owed something to the fact that many of Swinton’s contemporaries shared the assessment of the British Expeditionary Force’s (BEF) Commander-in-Chief General Sir Douglas Haig: that machine guns were a ‘much overrated weapon’. Tasked with creating ‘special devices for the Western Front’, Colonel Hankey and the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, showed more foresight. Motivated to find a ‘mechanical remedy’ to the ‘mechanical danger’ posed by machine guns and artillery, Churchill had toyed with several ideas to get forces across no-man’s-land in relative safety. The employment of numerous smoke generators, various personal and vehicle-mounted shields, and even massive machine-gun-armed infantry combat tractors with articulated armoured segments, however, never seemed to offer a viable solution. To examine the matter better, on 20 February 1915 Churchill quietly created a Landships Committee at the Admiralty. The project included select naval personnel, engineers and politicians, and was kept secret from the War Office, the Board of the Admiralty and the Treasury, as Churchill rightly felt their very conventional culture would stifle development of the unproven tank concept. After a month of debate members gravitated towards two designs, one with wheels and the other with tracks, and on 26 March Churchill personally provided £70,000 toward the development of six prototypes of the former, and 12 of the latter. As the tracked option proved superior for its intended use, William Foster & Co. Ltd’s 105hp tractor was chosen as a power source. With development in secret soon undertaken, the largely female factory workforce was told they were creating ‘water carriers destined for Mesopotamia’, or more simply, ‘tanks’. In the expert hands of three men – William Tritton, his chief draughtsman/engineer William Rigby, and Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) Lieutenant Walter Wilson – the  British tank programme got under way at the company’s Wellington Foundry just west of Lincoln. Some 37 days later, the team unveiled a 15-tonne tracked, boiler-plate-armoured box, which was then tested on unused factory property on 19  September 1915. Although the Director of Naval Construction approved this ‘Number 1 Lincoln Machine’ as having promise, its American chain-based tracks (made for the Bullock Tractor Company) were prone to dislodging, and were unsuited for mass production. Like most things related to this embryonic technology, there was 9 no suitable replacement track on the market, and Tritton and Wilson feverishly worked on a solution at the Yarborough Suite (aka the ‘Tank Room’) of the nearby White Hart Hotel. After numerous flawed ideas, including the use of non-elastic balatá (natural latex) belts and flat wire ropes, the pair settled on unsprung chain links, with durable pressed steel plates that were riveted and hinged by pins. On completion of the prototype three days later, Tritton, representing the factory’s other ‘proud parents’, informed the Admiralty of the arrival of ‘Little Willie’. In an effort to correct deficiencies in the initial design, an improved 28-tonne version was completed in an equally remarkable 141 days. Designed to have a low centre of gravity, sponsons were mounted to the sides, and tracks were wrapped round the vehicle in a rhomboid shape to provide maximum ground contact, with an angled front for negotiating obstacles. Known as ‘Centipede’, and ‘Big Willie’, after its combat debut the nickname ‘Mother’ stuck. Barring a 6-pounder cannon test misfire that nearly sent MARK IV SPECIFICATIONS General Secondary ammunition: 5,640 rounds (40× 47-round Production run (14 months from March 1917–May 1918): drums per station) 1,220 (420 males, 595 females and 205 supply) Armament (female) Combat weight: male: 28.4 tonnes, female: 27.4 tonnes Main armament: 5× air-cooled Lewis guns (bow; two per Crew: 8 (1 commanding officer, 7 enlisted (driver, sponson) plus one spare 2 gunners and loader/machine-gunners, and Motive power 2 brakemen) Engine: Daimler/Knight 105hp (78.3kW) @ 1,000rpm Dimensions sleeve valve, straight-six cylinder, water cooled Length: 8m Power/weight: 3.7hp/tonne Width: male: 4.11m, female 3.2m Transmission: two-speed primary box; one reverse; Height: 2.43m secondary two-speed selectors on the output shafts Armour Clutch: cone Conn front: 12mm @ 90 degrees Suspension: none (track rollers attached directly to frame) Conn sides: 8mm @ 90 degrees Ignition: high-voltage magneto Glacis: (upper) 12mm @ 45 degrees; (lower) 12mm Fuel capacity: 318l (petrol/gasoline) @ 27 degrees; 12mm @ 24 degrees Track width: 520mm Hull side: 8mm @ 90 degrees Performance Hull rear: 6mm @ 90 degrees Ground pressure: 0.89kg/cm² Hull deck: 6mm @ 0 degrees Maximum speed: 5.9km/h Hull roof: 6mm @ 0 degrees Operational range: 56km Armament (male) Fuel consumption: 5.9l/km Main guns: 2× Ordnance QF 6-pounder 305kg Hotchkiss Fording: 1.8m Mk I or II (L/23) on mounting casemate special Mk 1 Step climbing: 1.4m Main gun sight: 4× No. 4 Mk III sighting scope Climbing: 22 degrees Main gun ammunition: 332 (commonly 55 per cent high Trench crossing: 3.5m explosive; 40 per cent solid shot; 5 per cent canister)* Ground clearance: 0.5m Main gun rate of fire: 20rd/min Secondary armament: 3× air-cooled Lewis .303 machine * Tank round ratios were not fixed, with combat 111111111111111111111111110000000000000000000000000000 guns (bow; one per sponson) plus one spare circumstances generally dictating the mix.