cfcqfbcfrcfrcfrqfaqjt, <ÿ>q£><X>qfc<ÿ><X>qfecÿ>qe,cÿ,q|e,cy,qbqfcq&c£>cy> M aritime T aiwan qfoqfrqfrqfrqfacfrqfr cfrcfacfacfrcfrcfac£^cfacfrcfrq£,qfc>qfrqfc,q£,c#j M a r itim e T aiw an Historical Encounters with the East and the UJest cfacfacfacfaqfacfacfacfacfacfacfacfacfaqfcjqfijqgjcfcqfijqfljqfijqizjqfaqjijqtij SHIH-SHRH HENRY TSHI An East Gate Book c{M.E.Sharpe Armonk, New York London, England The publisher gratefully acknowledges a grant from the Ts’ao Yung-ho Foundation in support of the publication of this book. An East Gate Book Consulting Editor: Doug Merwin Copyright © 2009 by M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tsai, Shih-shan Henry. Maritime Taiwan : historical encounters with the East and the West/by Shih-shan Henry Tsai, p. cm. “An East Gate Book.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7656-2328-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Taiwan—Relations—Foreign countries. I. Title. DS799.625.T73 2008 303.48*251249—dc22 2008020050 Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z 39.48-1984. @ BM(c) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Ts’ao Yung-ho, Taiwan Studies pioneer, and for Hsiu-chuan, Wen-chi, and Chun-yueh Contents List of Tables and Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Note on Transliteration xiii 1. Introduction 3 2. Taiwan’s Seventeenth-Century Rulers: The Dutch, the Spaniards, and Koxinga 19 3. Trading Networks: Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and Coastal China 45 4. British Footprints on Taiwan: Consulates, Trading Firms, and Presbyterian Churches 63 5. A Strategic Vantage Point: The French Campaign in Taiwan 87 6. Late to the Scene: The United States Arrives in Taiwan 105 7. The Roots of the Japanese Empire: The Colonization of Taiwan 128 8. Taiwan During World War D: From Colony to Haven 149 9. Postwar Taiwan: The Growing American Presence and Influence 174 Notes 207 Glossary of Chinese, Japanese, and Taiwanese Characters 235 Bibliography 243 Index 257 About the Author 266 vii List of Tables and Illustrations Tables 2.1 Dutch Governors in Taiwan, 1624-1661 23 2.2 VOC’s Principal Personnel on Taiwan 25 2.3. Deployment of Dutch Military Forces in 1654 26 2.4 Spanish Governors in Taiwan, 1626-1642 28 2.5 Census of Indigenous Peoples in Taipei Basin, 1647-1656 32 2.6 Revenues vs. Expenditures of VOC in Taiwan, 1632-1661 38 3.1 Foreign Customs Officials in Taiwan, 1865-1895 61 4.1 The Relative Importance of Taiwan’s Four Major Ports 81 7.1 Japanese Govemors-General in Taiwan, 1895-1945 132 7.2 Taiwan’s Maritime Shipping 143 8.1 Mother Tongue-Speaking Families in Taipei 153 8.2 Japanese/Taiwanese Student Ratio at Taihoku Imperial University 158 8.3 Areas and Cities Occupied by the Japanese during World War n 165 8.4 World War II Prisoners-of-War in Taiwan 170 9.1 U.S. Imports to Taiwan, 1951-1965 184 9.2 U.S. Foreign Aid to Taiwan 185 9.3 Taiwan’s Trade Imbalance with the United States 200 Illustrations Major Ports of Taiwan 2 2.1 Dutch United East India Company Board Members, Seventeenth Century 21 2.2 Dutch Fort Zeelandia, Built 1632 22 2.3 Dutch Governor in Taiwan 24 2.4 Surviving Sample of St. Matthew in Parallel Dutch and Sinkan Languages 36 3.1 Chinese Immigrants in Taiwan 49 IX x LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS 3.2 Eighteenth-Century Trading Junk of Taiwan 51 3.3 Navy Warship of Ch’ing Dynasty 58 4.1 Nautical Chart of Coastal Taiwan, 1850s 73 4.2 Bringing Camphor from the Hills, 1860s 84 5.1 Taiwanese Troops in Training 99 6.1 Governor Liu Ming-Chuan, 1885-1891 124 7.1 Japanese Governor-General Kodama Gentaro, 1898-1906 135 7.2 Chief Civil Administrator Goto Shimpei, 1898-1906 136 7.3 Japanese-owned Sugar Manufacture Company 139 8.1 Entrance of Imperial Taipei University, Founded by Japanese in 1928 157 8.2 School Girls in Exercise During WW n 172 9.1 Expatriation of the Japanese From Taiwan, 1945-1946 175 9.2 American Agricultural Expert in Rural Taiwan, Late 1950s 183 9.3 Shipyard at the Keelung Harbor During the Vietnam War 199