ROLE OFMEDIAIN PUBLICISING KENYA VISION 2030: A CASE STUDY OF THE FIRST PHASE FLAGSHIP PROJECTS BY MARION WANGECHI NGARE K50/7644/2006 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE IN COMMUNICATION STUDIES OFTHE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DECEMBER, 2017 DECLARATION Declaration by the Student: This is my original work and has never been presented in any other institution for examination. All information sourced from other scholars has been duly acknowledged. Sign:………………………………………………Date:………………………………….. MARION W. NGARE REG. NO. K50/7644/2006 Declaration by the Supervisor: This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the appointed university supervisor. Sign:………………………………………………Date:………………………………….. DR. JULIUS BOSIRE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI ii DEDICATION This project is dedicated to my family. Thank you so much for your consistent encouragement, support and inspiration. May God bless you. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe it all to God who granted me health and sufficient grace and made it possible throughout my program. My profound gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Julius Bosire, for his professional guidance throughout my research study. His patience and constructive criticism made this work possible. My sincere gratitude also goes to all the lecturers at the School of Journalism and Mass Communication, Universityof Nairobi. My appreciation also goes to my parents, Kenneth Ngare and Irene Ngare for their consistent encouragement for me to pursue education at this level. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION...............................................................................................................ii DEDICATION..................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................x ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................xi CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION..............................................................................1 1.1 Overview........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Background....................................................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the Problem...............................................................................................8 1.3 Research Objectives.......................................................................................................9 1.3.1 Main Objective.......................................................................................................9 1.3.2 Specific Objectives.....................................................................................................9 1.4 Research Questions........................................................................................................9 1.5 Significance of the Study.............................................................................................10 1.6 Rationale and Justification...........................................................................................11 1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study.............................................................................11 1.8 Operational Definition of Terms..................................................................................11 CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................13 2.1 Overview......................................................................................................................13 2.2 Mass Media in Kenya..................................................................................................13 2.3 The Media and Governance.........................................................................................14 2.4 The Media and Dissemination of Information.............................................................19 2.5 Challenges Facing Kenya Vision 2030........................................................................21 2.5.1 Poor Infrastructure................................................................................................22 2.5.2 Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts.............................................................................23 v 2.5.3 Impact of HIV/AIDS, Overreliance on donor funding and brain drain...............23 2.5.4 Inequalities...........................................................................................................24 2.5.5 Unrealistic Planning and Agenda Setting.............................................................24 2.5.6 Climate Change and Natural Hazards..................................................................25 2.5.7 Corruption and Insecurity. ...................................................................................26 2.6. Media and Economic Development............................................................................27 2.7 Conceptual Framework................................................................................................28 2.8 Theoretical Framework................................................................................................29 2.8.1 Media Framing Theory.........................................................................................29 2.8.2 The Priming Theory.............................................................................................30 2.8.3 Agenda Setting Theory.........................................................................................32 2.9 Conclusion...................................................................................................................34 CHAPTER THREE:METHODOLOGY ......................................................................35 3.1 Overview......................................................................................................................35 3.2 Research Design...........................................................................................................35 3.3 Research Approach......................................................................................................35 3.4 Research Population.....................................................................................................36 3.5 Sampling Technique and Procedure............................................................................36 3.6 Research Instruments...................................................................................................36 3.7 Data Analysis and Presentation...................................................................................37 3.8 Research Ethics............................................................................................................38 CHAPTER FOUR:DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION.......................................................................................................39 4.1 Overview......................................................................................................................39 4.2 Frequency of Information on flagship projects of Vision 2030...................................39 4.3 Reporting of flagship projects of Kenya Vision 2030 (2008/09) ................................42 4.4 Placement of Articles...................................................................................................44 vi CHAPTER FIVE:SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...46 5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................46 5.2 Summary of Findings...................................................................................................46 5.3 Conclusion...................................................................................................................48 5.4 Recommendations........................................................................................................49 5.5 Recommendations for Further Study...........................................................................50 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................51 APPENDICES..................................................................................................................56 Appendix I: Document Analysis Guide.............................................................................56 Appendix II: Code sheet for analyzing Flagship projects (2008/09 and 2012/13)............57 Appendix III: Certificate of Field Work ...........................................................................58 Appendix IV: Certificate of Originality........................................................................... 59 Appendix V: CertificateofCorrections.............................................................................60 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1. Frequency of coverage of flagship projects in Daily Nation and Standard (2008/09)...........................................................................................................39 Table 4.2. Frequency of coverage of flagship projects in Daily Nation and Standard (2012/13)............................................................................................................40 Table 4.3. Placement of articles on flagship projects: Daily Nation and Standard (2008/09)...........................................................................................................44 Table 4.4. Placement of articles on flagship projects: Daily Nation and Standard (2012/13)..........................................................................................................45 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Conceptual Framework...................................................................................29 Figure 4.1. Frequency of coverage of flagship projects in 2008/09..................................41 Figure 4.2. Frequency of coverage of flagship projects in 2012/13..................................41 Figure 4.3. Reporting of flagship projects of Vision 2030 (2008/09) ...............................42 Figure 4.4. Reporting of flagship projects ( 2012/13).......................................................43 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Lands BBC Britain Broadcasting Cooperation BPO Business Process Outsourcing C4D Communication for Development defined CD Compact Disks DVD Digital Versatile Disc FAO Food and Agriculture Organization ICT Information Communication Technologies IMF International Monetary Fund MTP Medium Term Plan PEV Post-Election Violence SME Small and Medium Term Enterprises SMDGs Sustainable Millennium Development Goals UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund x