Marine Outfall Construction CH00_FM_16007_ASCE_Grace.indd i 4/9/09 1:15:18 PM Other Titles of Interest Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment, edited by Rao K. Surampalli and K. D. Tyagi (ASCE Committee Report, 2004). Presents state-of-the-art informa- tion on the application of innovative technologies for water and wastewater treatment with an emphasis on the scientifi c principles for pollutant or pathogen removal. (ISBN 978-0-7844-0741-7) Design of Marine Facilities for the Berthing, Mooring, and Repair of Vessels, 2nd edi- tion, by John W. Gaythwaite. (ASCE Press, 2004). Covers the design of marine structures, including piers, wharves, bulkheads, quaywalls, dolphins, dry docks, and fl oating docks. (ISBN 978-0-7844-0726-4). Sedimentation Engineering, edited by Vito A. Vanoni (ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 54, 2006). Constitutes the classic reference for under- standing the nature and scope of sedimentation problems, methods for their investigation, and practical solutions. (ISBN 0-7844-0823-8). Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Measurements, Modeling, and Practice, edited by Marcelo García (ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 110, 2008). Supplements Manual 54 with updates of selected topics and treatment of entirely new topics. (ISBN 978-0-7844-0814-8). Treatment System Hydraulics, by John Bergendahl (ASCE Press, 2008). Addresses the nuts-and-bolts of typical treatment systems, examines typical variables, and describes methods for solving problems encountered in the fi eld. (ISBN 978-0- 7844-0919-0) Water Resources Engineering: Handbook of Essential Methods and Design, by Anand Prakash (ASCE Press, 2004). Proposes practical methods to solve problems commonly encountered by practicing water resources engineers in day-to-day work. (ISBN 978-0-7844-0674-8) CH00_FM_16007_ASCE_Grace.indd ii 4/9/09 1:15:18 PM Marine Outfall Construction Background, Techniques, and Case Studies Robert A. Grace CH00_FM_16007_ASCE_Grace.indd iii 4/9/09 1:15:18 PM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grace, Robert A., 1938– Marine outfall construction : background, techniques, and case studies / Robert A. Grace. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7844-0984-8 1. Sewage disposal in the ocean. 2. Ocean outfalls—Design and construction— Case studies. 3. Saline waters. I. Title. TD763.G639 2009 628’.2—dc22 2009002098 Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia 20191 www.pubs.asce.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specifi c method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recom- mendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifi cations, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liabil- ity therefor. This information should not be used without fi rst securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specifi c application. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S. Patent and Trade- mark Offi ce. Photocopies and reprints. You can obtain instant permission to photocopy ASCE publi- cations by using ASCE’s online permission service (http://pubs.asce.org/permissions/ requests/). Requests for 100 copies or more should be submitted to the Reprints Depart- ment, Publications Division, ASCE (address above); e-mail: [email protected]. A reprint order form can be found at http://pubs.asce.org/support/reprints/. Copyright © 2009 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-0984-8 Manufactured in the United States of America. 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5 CH00_FM_16007_ASCE_Grace.indd iv 4/9/09 1:15:18 PM To the memory of my mother Mary Kathleen (Disney) Grace, and my godmother Sheila May (Sargent) Fairbairn, who fi rst met as British school girls CH00_FM_16007_ASCE_Grace.indd v 4/9/09 1:15:18 PM This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi 1 The Marine Outfall in Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.1 Precious Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.2 Marine Disposal of Wastewater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 1.3 Wastewater Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 1.4 Releasing Wastewater to the Marine Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5 Multiple Uses of the Marine Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 1.6 Taking Individual Outfalls Out of Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 1.7 The Marine Outfall as the Disposal Method of Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 2 Moving toward Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 2.1 Working in the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 2.2 The Bracketing of Marine Outfall Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3 The Most Crucial Marine Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 2.4 Development of the Design of the Southwest Ocean Outfall . . . . . . . . .37 2.5 Additional Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 2.6 Design–Build. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 2.7 Offshore and Underwater Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 2.8 Book Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 vii CH00_FM_16007_ASCE_Grace.indd vii 4/9/09 1:15:18 PM viii Marine Outfall Construction 3. Providing a Stable Work Base within the Surf Zone. . . . . . . . . .59 3.1 The Trestle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 3.2 A Full-Length Outfall Trestle at New Plymouth, New Zealand . . . . . . . .62 3.3 Another Full-Length Outfall Trestle at McGaurans Beach, Australia. . . .65 3.4 A Large Power Plant Outfall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 3.5 Big Pipe with Strict Environmental Stipulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.6 The Jackup Barge or Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 3.7 An Outfall Extension at Fort Bragg, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 3.8 More Walking Platforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 4 Pulling an Outfall Seaward along the Ocean Floor. . . . . . . . . . .91 4.1 The Bottom-Pull Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.2 The Cape Peron Outfall, Western Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 4.3 Two Other Notable Bottom-Pulled Outfalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 4.4 A Pair of Modern Bottom-Pulled Conduits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 4.5 Further Cases: 1978–1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 4.6 Further Cases: 1987–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 4.7 Additional Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.8 Crucial Numbers for the Bottom-Pull Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5 Placing Outfalls under Protected Sites or Obstructions . . . . . .115 5.1 Horizontal Directional Drilling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.2 Gas and Oil Industry Shore Crossing, Example No. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 5.3 Two More Gas and Oil Shore Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 5.4 Unfulfi lled Horizontal Directional Drilling Attempts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.5 HDD Outfall Case Studies in the United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 5.6 Other HDD Case Studies in Developed Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 5.7 Central Pacifi c Ocean HDD Jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 6 Crane Barge Offshore, Trestle Inshore, Trouble Ahead. . . . . . .135 6.1 Section-by-Section Installation of Reinforced Concrete Pipe Outfalls .135 6.2 Southwest Ocean Outfall, San Francisco, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 6.3 Monterey Bay Outfall, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 6.4 Santa Cruz No. 3 Outfall, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.5 Stormwater Outfalls on the Lower U.S. East Coast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 6.6 The Crane Barge Working Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 CH00_FM_16007_ASCE_Grace.indd viii 4/9/09 1:15:18 PM Contents ix 7 High-Tech Outfall Installation in Deep Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 7.1 Saturation Diving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 7.2 Working Underwater with No Divers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 7.3 Renton, Seattle, Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 7.4 Iona, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 7.5 Point Loma Extension, San Diego, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 8 Creating Tunnel Outfalls and Their Risers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 8.1 Tunnel Boring Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 8.2 Three Full-Tunnel Outfalls at Sydney, Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 8.3 Other Tunnel Outfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 8.4 Sacrifi cial Tunnels for Outfalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 8.5 Use of Microtunneling and Pipe-Jacking to Create Outfalls . . . . . . . . .194 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 9 Hybrid-Design Outfalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 9.1 Two Distinct Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 9.2 South Bay Ocean Outfall, San Diego, California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 9.3 Strategic Sewage Disposal Scheme, Stage I Outfall, Hong Kong . . . . . . 211 9.4 The Fort Kamehameha No. 2 Outfall, Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 9.5 Post Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 10 Selected Polyethylene Outfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 10.1 Lightness and Heaviness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 10.2 High-Density Polyethylene Pipes in South Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 10.3 Selected Polyethylene Outfalls: First Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 10.4 Selected Polyethylene Outfalls: Second Set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 10.5 The Latest Polyethylene Outfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 10.6 Installation Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 11 Unusual Outfalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 11.1 Techniques from the Gas and Oil Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 11.2 Small-Diameter Flexible Pipe from a Reel Barge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 11.3 Outfalls in Remote Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 11.4 Novel Designs: The Americas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 11.5 Novel Designs: Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 11.6 Novel Designs: Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 CH00_FM_16007_ASCE_Grace.indd ix 4/9/09 1:15:18 PM