Marijuana and Madness Second Edition Marijuana and Madness Second Edition Edited by David Castle St Vincent’s Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Sir Robin M. Murray Institute of Psychiatry and South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Deepak Cyril D’Souza VA-CMHC Schizophrenia Research Clinic, Yale University, New Haven, Conneticut, USA cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S ã o Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press h e Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107000216 © Cambridge University Press 2012 h is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First edition published 2004 Second edition published 2012 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Marijuana and madness / [edited by] David Castle, Robin Murray, Deepak Cyril D’Souza. – 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-00021-6 (hardback) 1. Marijuana – Physiological ef ect. 2. Marijuana – Psychological aspects. 3. Marijuana abuse – Complications. 4. Psychoses – Etiology. 5. Schizophrenia – Etiology. I. Castle, David J. II. Murray, Robin, MD, M Phil, MRCP, MRC Psych. III. D’Souza, Deepak Cyril. IV. Title. RC568.C2M375 2011 362.196′8635–dc23 2011029848 ISBN 978-1-107-00021-6 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Every ef ort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every ef ort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. h e authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use. Contents List of contributors vii Preface xi 1 How cannabis works in the brain 1 10 T he association between cannabis use and Leslie Iversen depression: a review of the evidence 1 14 Louisa Degenhardt, Wayne Hall, Michael 2 Other cannabinoids 1 7 Lynskey, Carolyn Cof ey and George Patton Raphael Mechoulam and Lumir Hanus 11 Cannabis, cannabinoids and bipolar 3 The function of the endocannabinoid disorder 1 29 system 23 Carol Silberberg, David Castle and Dagmar Koethe Maria Grazia Cascio and Roger Pertwee 12 Which cannabis users develop 4 Is cannabis becoming more potent? 3 5 psychosis? 1 37 Desmond Slade, Zlatko Mehmedic, Suman Marta Di Forti, C é cile Henquet, H é l è ne Verdoux, Chandra and Mahmoud ElSohly Sir Robin M. Murray and Jim van Os 5 What are the policy implications of the 13 C annabinoids and the cerebellum: a potential evidence on cannabis and psychosis? 5 5 role in the development of psychosis 1 44 Wayne Hall and Louisa Degenhardt Patrick D. Skosnik 6 Cannabis, endocannabinoids and 14 T he neural basis for the acute eff ects of neurodevelopment 6 6 cannabis on learning and psychosis 1 60 Ismael Galve-Roperh Sagnik Bhattacharyya and Philip McGuire 7 The impact of pubertal exposure to cannabis 15 Does cannabis use cause schizophrenia? The on the brain: a focus on animal studies 8 2 epidemiological evidence 169 Miriam Schneider Stanley Zammit, Louise Arseneault, Mary Cannon and Sir Robin M. Murray 8 Cannabis and cognition: short- and long-term eff ects 9 1 16 P ostmortem studies of the brain cannabinoid Nadia Solowij and Nicole Pesa system in schizophrenia 1 84 Suresh Sundram, Brian Dean and David Copolov 9 Does cannabis cause lasting brain damage? 1 03 17 The endocannabinoid system in Nadia Solowij, Murat Y üc el, Valentina Lorenzetti schizophrenia 193 and Dan Lubman Paul Morrison v Contents 18 The acute eff ects of cannabinoids in patients 21 A ddressing cannabis use in people with with psychotic illness 1 98 psychosis 225 Cé cile Henquet, Andrew Sewell, Rebecca Wynne James and David Castle Kuepper, Mohini Ranganathan and Deepak Cyril D’Souza 19 Cannabis abuse and the course of Index 2 34 schizophrenia 2 10 Don Linszen and h é r è se van Amelsvoort Color plates appear between pages 132 and 133 20 Understanding cannabis use in schizophrenia 218 Leanne Hides, David J. Kavanagh and Kim T. Mueser vi Contributors L ouise A rseneault, Marta Di Forti , MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Institute of Psychiatry , King’s College, Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s London, UK College, London, UK Mahmoud ElSohly , Sagnik Bhattacharyya , National Center for Natural Products Research Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK Mississippi, Mississippi, USA Mary Cannon , Ismael Galve-Roperh , Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Surgeons in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Biology I, School of Biology and Centro Dublin, Ireland de Investigaci ó n Biom é dica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Maria Grazia Cascio , Complutense University, Madrid, Spain School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Wayne Hall , Scotland, UK School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia David Castle , St Vincent’s Hospital and h e University of Lumir Hanus , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Institute of Drug Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew Suman Chandra , University of Jersualem, Israel National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of C é cile Henquet , Mississippi, University, MS, USA Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Carolyn Coff ey , South Limburg Mental Health Research and Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Teaching Network, Maastricht, and Mondriaan Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Zorggroep, Division Addiction Care, South David Copolov, Limburg, h e Netherlands Professor Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Leanne Hides , Australia Institute of Health and Behavioral Innovation Brian Dean , (IHBIU), School of Psychology and Counselling, Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Victoria, Australia Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Louisa Degenhardt , Leslie Iversen , National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology, University of University of New South Wales, Australia Oxford, Oxford, UK vii List of contributors Wynne James , Zlatko Mehmedic , Mental Health Commission, Perth, Australia N ational Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of David J. Kavanagh , Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA Institute of Health and Behavioral Innovation (IHBI), School of Psychology and Counselling, Paul Morrison , Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Psychiatry, London, UK Dagmar Koethe, Kim T. Mueser , Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center, University of Cologne, Germany Concord, New Hampshire, USA Rebecca Kuepper , Sir Robin M. Murray , EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Institute of Psychiatry and South London and South Limburg Mental Health Research and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Teaching Network, Maastricht, and Mondriaan George Patton , Zorggroep, Division Addiction Care, South Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Limburg, h e Netherlands Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Don Linszen , Roger Pertwee , Academic Medical Center, University of School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Amsterdam, h e Netherlands Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Valentina Lorenzetti , Scotland, UK Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Nicole Pesa , Department of Psychiatry, University of School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia Melbourne, and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Mohini Ranganathan , University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare Australia System, West Haven and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Dan Lubman , New Haven, Connecticut, USA Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, Eastern Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Miriam Schneider , Australia Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany Michael Lynskey , Department of Psychiatry, Washington Andrew Sewell , University School of Medicine, St Louis, Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare Missouri, USA System, West Haven, CT, USA and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Philip McGuire , New Haven, Connecticut, USA Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, Institute of Carol Silberberg , Psychiatry, London, UK St. Vincent’s Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Raphael Mechoulam , Institute of Drug Research, Department of Patrick D. Skosnik , Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School University of Jersualem, Israel of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA viii List of contributors Desmond Slade , Jim van Os , MRI Global, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, Maastricht Medical Centre, Maastricht, h e Missouri, USA Netherlands Nadia Solowij , Hélène Verdoux , School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Department of Psychiatry, University Victor Wollongong and Schizophrenia Research Segalen, Bordeaux, France Institute, Sydney, Australia Murat Yücel , Deepak Cyril D’Souza , Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, VA-CMHC Schizophrenia Research Clinic, Yale Department of Psychiatry, University of University, New Haven, USA Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Suresh Sundram , Melbourne, and Orygen Youth Health Research Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Victoria, Australia h é r è se van Amelsvoort, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Academic Medical Center, University of Stanley Zammit , Amsterdam, h e Netherlands Department of Psychological Medicine, Thérèse van Ameisvoort , Cardif University and Academic Academic Medical Center, University of Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Amsterdam, h e Netherlands Bristol, UK ix