“This Manual of Clinical Phonetics is an impressive collection of chapters authored by distinguished scholars from various fields of phonetic sciences. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of phonetics, capturing its inter- and multidisciplinary nature, it offers valuable insight into state-of-the-art instrumental techniques in clinical phonetics and gives phonetic transcription the attention it deserves, particularly in studying disordered speech.” — Professor Vesna Mildner, University of Zagreb, Croatia “The Manual of Clinical Phonetics presents work by experts and influential researchers, communicating key concepts in clear language while drawing on cutting- edge research to convey the direction of travel for the next decade and more. The breadth of topics presented in four well-organized parts, is comprehensive. What’s more, this manual pairs the core of the field (the foundations of clinical phonetics and phonetic transcription) with welcome explorations of variation. The manual also features a host of in-depth treatments of instrumentation, facilitating insightful quan- titative and qualitative analyses.” — Professor James Scobbie, Queen Margaret University, Scotland “This volume skillfully infuses a clinical perspective throughout comprehensive coverage of the science of phonetics. It is distinguished by extensive content in the area of instrumentation, including cutting-edge technologies like real-time MRI and automatic speech recognition. The choice to place multicultural and multilingual influences on phonetics at the forefront marks this volume as an essential collection for the modern scholar of clinical linguistics.” — Dr Tara McAllister, New York University Steinhardt, USA MANUAL OF CLINICAL PHONETICS This comprehensive collection equips readers with a state-of-the-art description of clinical phonetics and a practical guide on how to employ phonetic techniques in disordered speech analysis. Divided into four sections, the manual covers the foundations of phonetics, sociophonetic variation and its clinical application, clinical phonetic transcription, and instrumental approaches to the description of disordered speech. The book offers in-depth analysis of the instrumentation used in articulatory, auditory, perceptual, and acoustic phonetics and provides clear instruction on how to use the equipment for each technique as well as a critical discussion of how these techniques have been used in studies of speech disorders. With fascinating topics such as multilingual sources of phonetic variation, principles of phonetic transcription, speech recognition and synthesis, and statistical analysis of phonetic data, this is the essential companion for students and professionals of phonetics, phonology, language acquisition, clinical linguistics, and communication sciences and disorders. Martin J. Ball is an honorary professor of linguistics at Bangor University, Wales, having pre- viously held positions in Wales, Ireland, the US, and Sweden. He formerly co-edited Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics and co-edits the Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech, as well as book series for Multilingual Matters and Equinox Publishers. He is an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists, and a fellow of the Learned Society of Wales. MANUAL OF CLINICAL PHONETICS Edited by Martin J. Ball First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Martin J. Ball The right of Martin J. Ball to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-367-33629-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-33628-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-32090-3 (ebk) Typeset in Times LT Std by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd. Y tafawd, arawd eiriau, Yw bwa’r gerdd heb air gau, Arllwybr brig urddedig ddadl, A’r llinyn yw’r holl anadl. Guto’r Glyn ‘Moliant i Rys ap Dafydd o Uwch Aeron’ c.1435–1440 CONTENTS Contributors xiii Preface xxvii Acknowledgements xxix PART I Foundations of clinical phonetics 1 1 Articulatory phonetics for the speech clinician 3 Joan Rahilly and Orla Lowry 2 Acoustic phonetics for the speech clinician 16 Ioannis Papakyritsis 3 Auditory phonetics for the speech clinician 27 Elena Babatsouli 4 Perceptual phonetics for the speech clinician 40 Esther Janse and Toni Rietveld 5 Suprasegmental phonetics 54 Orla Lowry 6 An introduction to speech disorders 65 Martin J. Ball ix Contents PART II Variationist clinical phonetics 75 7 Clinical phonetics across languages and dialects 77 Barbara M. Bernhardt and Joseph Paul Stemberger 8 Cultural and multilingual sources of phonetic variation: Implications for clinical practice 89 Robert Allen Fox and Ewa Jacewicz 9 Stylistic variation in misarticulations 101 Martin J. Ball, Orla Lowry, and Lisa McInnis 10 Analyzing phonetic data with generalized additive mixed models 108 Yu-Ying Chuang, Janice Fon, Ioannis Papakyritsis, and Harald Baayen PART III Phonetic transcription 139 11 The nature of phonetic transcription 141 Catia Cucchiarini and Helmer Strik 12 The IPA 152 Michael Ashby and Patricia Ashby 13 Transcribing disordered speech 163 Martin J. Ball 14 Teaching and learning clinical phonetic transcription 175 Jill Titterington and Sally Bates 15 Transcribing: By target or by realization? 187 Martin J. Ball 16 Examples of narrow phonetic transcription in disordered speech 193 Martin J. Ball, Nicole Müller, Marie Klopfenstein, and Ben Rutter PART IV Instrumentation 209 Preliminaries 211 17 The nature of phonetic instrumentation 212 Nicola Bessell x Contents 18 Recording speech: Methods and formats 217 Adam P. Vogel and Hannah Reece 19 The PhonBank database within TalkBank, and a practical overview of the Phon program 228 Yvan Rose and Gregory J. Hedlund Instrumental analysis of articulatory phonetics 247 20 Electromyography 248 Jennifer M. Vojtech and Cara E. Stepp 21 Speech aerometry 264 David J. Zajac 22 Laryngoscopy and stroboscopy 282 Duy Duong Nguyen, Catherine Madill, Antonia Chacon, and Daniel Novakovic 23 Electrolaryngography/electroglottography 306 Chiara Celata and Irene Ricci 24 Nasometry 322 Tim Bressmann 25 Electropalatography 339 Alice Lee 26 Electromagnetic articulography 356 Pascal van Lieshout 27 Magnetic resonance imaging 375 Vikram Ramanarayanan and Christina Hagedorn 28 Video tracking in speech 387 Christian Kroos 29 Ultrasound tongue imaging 399 Joanne Cleland Instrumental analysis of acoustic, auditory, and perceptual phonetics 417 30 Sound spectrography 418 Chiara Meluzzi xi Contents 31 Pure tone audiometry and speech audiometry 444 Fei Zhao and Robert Mayr 32 Altered sensory feedback in speech 461 Liam Barrett and Peter Howell 33 Dichotic listening 480 Mária Gósy and Ruth Huntley Bahr 34 Perceptual phonetic experimentation 495 Grant McGuire Speech recognition and speech synthesis 507 35 Automatic speech recognition in the assessment of child speech 508 Loridana Buttigieg, Helen Grech, Simon G. Fabri, James Attard, and Philip Farrugia 36 Clinical applications of speech synthesis 516 Martine Smith and John Costello Author index 523 Subject index 533 xii