· M.M orMrainso .1l Preface Thibso okd ealwsi tcho mputaerrc hiteacstw uerlaels c omputoerganizart ion andd esignC.o mputaerrc hiteicsct ounrcee rnwedi tthh es tructuarnedbe hav­ ioorf t hev ariofuusn ctimoondaull eosft hec omputaenrd h owt heiyn teract top rovitdheep rocessnienegd osf t heu serC.o mputeorr ganizaist cioonn­ cernedw itthh ew ayt hhea rdwacroem ponenatsrc eo nnecttoegde tthoeform r a computseyrs teCmo.m putedre siginsc oncern edw itthh ed evelopmoefn t theh ardwaforret hec omputtaekri nign tcoo nsideraag tiivoesnne of t specifJCa­ tions. Theb ookp rovidtehseb asikcn owledngecee ssatroyu nderstatnhd e hardwaorpee ratoifdo ing ictoamlp utearnsd covtehret sh rees ubjeacstss oci­ atewdi tcho mputhearr dwaCrhea.p te1rt sh rou4gp hr esetnhtev a.rioduisg ital componenutsse di nt heo rganizatainoddn e sigonfd igicotamlp uterCsh.a p­ ter5s t hrou7g shh ow thed etailed steptsh aat d esignmeurs tg ot hrouignh ordetrod esiagnne lementbaasriycc o mputer. Ch8at phtreoru1sg0 hd e awli th theo rganizaatinodan r chiteocftt uhrece e ntiaplr ocessiunngi Cth.a pte1r1s and1 2pr esetnhteo rganizaatnidao rnc hitecture of ainndmp eumtor-yo.u tput Chapt1er3i n trodutchecoes n cepotfm ultiprocessTihnegp .l aofn thboeok is top resetnhtes implmeart erfiiraslat n di ntrodtuhcmeeo rea dvancseudb jects lateThru.s t,h ef irssetv ecnh aptecrosv emra terial needefdor t heb asuincd er­ standionfgc omputoerrg anizadteisoing,an n,d p rogrammionfag s imple digictoamlp utTehre.l assti cxh apteprrse setnhteo rganizaatinodan r chitec­ turoef t hes eparfautnec tiuonniatsol f t hed igicotmaplu tewri tahn e mphasis onmore advancteodp ics. Them aterini atlh teh iredd itisi oonrganized in thesa mem annears tihne seconedd itianodn m anyo ft hef eaturreemsa itnh es ameT.h et hiredd ition, howev ero,f fesresv eriamlp rovemeonvtestr h es econedd itiAloln c.h apters excepttw o( 6an d1 0) bheaevcneo mpletreelvyi setdob rintgh mea teruipat lo dataen dt oc lartihfyep resentatTwoi onn.e wc haptewrse raed dedc:h apt9e r onp ipelainndev ectporroc essianngd,c hapt1e3ro nm ultiprocesTswoo rs. sectiodnesa wli tthh er educiends trucsteictoo nm put(eRISCr ).C hapt5e rhas beenr evisceodm pletteols yi mplainfyd c lartihfyed esigonft heba sicc om­ puteNre.w p roblehmsa vbeee nf ormulaftoeerdl evofe nt hteh irtecehna pters. Thep hysiocarlg anizaotifao p na rticular coimnpcultuedirits rn eggi sters, XV xvi Preface the fdlaottwah, me i croopearnadt icoonfnsut,nr cotclia obnne ds e scribed symbolibcyam lelayno sfa h ardwdaersec rilpatnigouInan tg hebi.os o wke develsoipm prale eg isterl atnrgauanansgdfe e utrso se p eicvtia fryic ooums­ putoepre raint icaoo nnsc ainspder ecmiasnen Tehrre.e laotfti horene gister tranlsafnegrut aotg hheea rdwoarrgea nizaantddie osnio gfdni gciotmaplu ters isf ulelxyp lained. Thbeo odko es ansostup mreik onro wleodfcg oem puhtaerrd waanrde thmea teribaelu ncdaerns wtiotohdto hunete eodf prereHqouwiesvietre,s . someex periine anscsee mbly plraonggruaamwgmieit anhm g i crocomputer wilmla kteh mea teeraisatiloe u rn dersCthaanpdt.1e t rhsr o3u cgahbn e skipiptfeh dre e adiesfr a miwliitdahir g iltoagdlie cs ign. Thfeo lloiwasin gb dreisecfr iopftt hsieuo bnj tehcaatrtsce o veinr eeadc h chapwtietarhne mphaosnti hsre e vistihwoaentrs e miand tteh hier d edition. Chapte1ri ntrotdhufecu ensd amkennotwallen degeedf eotdrh dee sign ofd igistyasltc eomnss trwuictinthde idv igdautaaelns df lip-Ifctlo ovpesr.s Boolean caolmgbeibnracati,ir ocnauanilsdt e sq,u ecnitricauli ptrso.v iTdheiss then ecesbsaacrkyg rfoouurnn dd erstatnhdedi inggic tiarlc tuoibe t s presented. Chapte2re xplianid nestt ahilelo giocpaelr aotfi otnh ec ommomsotn standdairgdic toamlp oneIntint csl.u ddeesc odmeurlst,i plreexgeirsst,e rs, countaenrmdse ,m orTiheesds.ie g ciotmaplo naernuets sea dsb uilding blocks fotrh e doefsl iagrugnne irt s cihna ptttheheraf sto l low. Chapte3rs howhso wt hvea ridoautsa typiends i gficotouamnlpd u ters are reprine bsineanrftyoe rmdi nc ompurteegri sEtmeprhsa.is soi nst he representnautmiboeenrm sp olfoi ynea dr ithmetic aonpdoe ntr haet ions, binarcyo dionfsg y mbuoslesid n dpartoac essing. Chapte4r i ntroadr uecgeiss terl atnrgauanansgdsfe he orwh so wi t is usetdoe xprmeiscsr oopeinr saytmiboonlsi Scy mfbooarlrmdse.e fifnoerd arithmetic,s hlimofigtci rco,o paenArdc a otmipoonassri.it teh mesthiicf tl ogic uniitds eveltoops ehdot wh hea rdwdaerseio gftn h meo scto mmomni cro­ operations. Chapte5r p resetnhoters g aniaznaddte isoinog fan b asdiicg ictoaml­ putAelrt.h otuhgceho mpuitssei rm pcloem patroe dc ommceormcpiuatilet r s, nevertehnecloemspsae snsoeusgh functiotnoda elm ocnaspttahrbeaili ttei es poweorfas toprreodg ram pguernpedoresaveli Re cgei.s ttrearn lsafnegru age isu setdod esctrhiiebn et eornpaelr aotfti hoceno mpuatnetdro s pectihfey requirefmoiertd nset ssi Tghne. bcaosmipcuu tseetrsh s ea me ofsin estt ruc­ tioansis nt hsee coenddi tbiuoitnt h sa rdwoarrgea nizaantddie osni hgans beecno mplerteevliBysy eg do.i tnhgr otuhgdehe tasitleepds doefs itghne preseinntt hecidhs a ptthesert ,u dweinbltel a bleu ntdoe rstthaienn dn er workionfdg isg ictoamlp uters. Chapte6ru tiltizhetesw enftiyiv nes truocftt hibeoa nscsio cm puttoe r illusttreacthen uiqsueined s a ssembly language programming. Programming exampalrees prefsoaern n utmebodef r data ptraosTckhesres.e s liantgi onship Prefacex vii betwebeinn aprryo graanmsdsy mbocloidicese x plabiyen xeadm pTlhees . basoipce raotfia onan sss emabrlpeer re setnost heodtw h ter ansflraotmi on symbocloidtceo eaqnu ivbailneanprtryo gram. Chapte7ri ntrotdhuceco ensco emfpi tc roprogrAa smpmeimcniigcf.ri oc­ programcmoendtu rnoiilts devteols ohpoewd e bxya mphloewt o write microfcooardt ey pisceoatfli nstruTchtedi eosnisog.ftn h ceo nturnoiilts carrieidnd- eotiuantic ll utdhihena gr dwfaotrrhe me i croprsoegqruaemn cer. Chapte8rd eawlistt hhc ee ntprraolc eusns(iiCtnP gU A)ne. x ecution unit witcho mmobnu saensda na rithlmoegtuiinccii tsd eveltoops ehdo w the generreaglio srtgearn iozfaat tyipoiCncP aUTl.h e opermaetmioosnrt yao cfk a iesx plaainnsdeo dmo efi tasp plicaardteei monosn stVraartieiondus.st ruction formaatrsie l lusttorgaetwteihdtea vhr a rioefat dyd resmsoidneTgsh .me o st commoinn strufcotuiinoncdn o sm puatreeern su merwaittaehned x planation oft hefiurn ctTiholena .ss etc tiinotnr otdhurece edsu icnesdt ruscecttoi mo­n put(eRIrS Cc)o ncaenpddt i scuistcsshe asr actaenradid svtaginectssa. Chapte9r o np ipealinnvdee cptroorc eisssn ieanwc g h apitnte hrte h ird edit(iTohnme.a teornia arli thmeticf rooptmeh sreea ctoienoddni sth iaosn beemno vetdoC hap1t0e)T. rh ceo ncoefpp itp eliiesnx ipnlgaa inntdeh wdea y icta snp eed-up pirisol cleusswstiirtsnahegt v eeder xaalm pBloetashr. i thmetic anidn strucptiipoeinls ci onnes idIeitrss eh do.wh no wRI SCp rocecsasno rs achiseivneg lei-ncsytcrlueecx teicoubnty iu osni annge ffiicnisetnrtu ction pipetloigneewt ihtethrhd ee lalyoeaaddn d de labyreadnt cehc hniVqeucetso.r proceisissn itnrgo daunecdxe adm plsehso waonrff e l oating-point operations usipnigp eplirnoec edures. Chapte1r0p resaernittsh amlegtoircfi otrh masd ditionm,u ls­ubtraction, tipliacnaddti ivoinas,ni sdoh no twhspe r ocedfuoirrm epsl emetnhtewimin tgh digihtaarld waPrreo.c edaurrede esv elofpoesrdi gned-maagnndi tude signedc-o2m'psl emfeinxte d-npuomibnetfr osr, floatbiinnga-rpyo int numbersf,ob ria nnacdro yd deedc i(mBaClnD u) mbeTrhsea. l gorairteh ms presented bfyl omwecathnhasaur ttsot sefh r ee gisterl atnrgaunasgfee rt o spectifhsyee queonfmc iec roopearnacdto inotnrso l decifsotirho enisr required implementation. Chapte1r1d iscutshtseee csh ntihqcauotem sp uutseteroc s o mmunicate witihn pauntod u tpduetv iIcnetse.ru fnaiactrese pretsose hnottwhe weda y thatth per oceisnstoerrw aictethxs t eprenrailp hTehrea lsp.ro fcoerd ure asynchrtornaonousfesf i etrph aerra olrsl eerldi aatileas x plaFionumerdo .d es oft ranasrfederi scupsrsoegdr:a 1m1mie0nd,t errupt inidtiireactte d transfer, memorayc ceasnsdt, h ues oef i nput-opurtocpeustSs poercsei.xf aimcp les illustratef osprer rodicaaettldar u arnessm ission. Chapte1r2 i ntrotdhuceco ensc oefmp etm ohriy eracrocmhpyo,os fe d cacmheem ormya,im ne morayn,d aumxeimloisrauyrc yah sm agnedtiisck s. . Thoer ganiaznaodtp ieorna otfi oans somceimaotriiiesvex esp laiindneetda il. Thceo ncoefp tm emmaornya geimisen nttr oducetdh petr hersoeunogtfha tion thhea rdwraerqeu irfeomaerc n atcmshe em orya v ainrdtm ueamlos ryys tem. xviii Preface Chapte1r3 p resentthseb asicch aracteroifsm tuitcisp rocesVsaorriso.u s interconnescttriuocnt uarreeps r esentTehde.n eedf oir nterprocaersbsiotrr a­ tionc,o mmunicatainodns ,y nchroniziasdt iiosnc ussTehde.c achceo herence probleimse xplainteodg ethweirt hs omep ossibsloel utions. Evercyh aptienrc ludaes se otf p robleamnsd a li sotf r eferenScoemse.o f thep roblesmesrv ea se xercifsoetrsh em atericaolv eriendt hec hapteOrt.h ers areo fa m orea dvancneadt uraen da rei ntendteodp rovipdrea ctiincs eo lving probleamsss ociawtietdch o mputhearr dwaarrec hitecantdu drees igAn s.o lu­ tionmsa nuails a vailafbolrte h ei nstrucftroormt hep ublisher. Theb ooki ss uitafbolrea coursienc omputehra rdwarsey stemisna n electreincgailn eering, ceonmgpiunteeerr oirnc go,m putesrc iendceep art­ mentP.a rtosft heb ookc anb eu sedi na varieotfwy a ysa:s a firstc oursien computer harbdywc aorvee ring Ch1at phtreorusg7 h;a sa c oursec oimnp uter organizatiaonnd d esigwni thp reviokunso wledogfed igitlaolg idce sigbny reviewinCgh apte4r a ndt hecn overicnhga pte5rt sh roug1h3 ;a sa coursien computer organainzdaa tricohni tectthuacrtoe v etrhse f ive funcutniiotonsfa l digitaclo mputeirnsc ludcionngt r(oClh apt7e)rp, r ocessuinnig(t C hapte8r s and9 )ari,t hmetiocp erati(oCnhsa pt1e0r) i,n put-out(pCuhta pt1e1)r, a nd memory( Chapt1e2r)T .h eb ooki sa lssou itafbolsree lf-sbtyued nyg ineaenrds scientiwshtos n eedt oa cquitrhee b asikcn owledogfec omputehra rdware architecture. Acknowledgments My thankgso etso t hosweh or eviewtehdet expta:r ticuPlraorfleys Tshoorm as L.C asavaonftt h eU niversoifIt oyw aP;r ofesMsuorrra yR .B erkowioftG ze orge MasonU niversPirtoyf;e sCseornr Ersooyf B rooklyPno lytechUnniicv ersity; ProfesUspokra Vra rshnoefyt heU niversoifMt iys souKrain,s aCsi tyP;r ofessor KaraWna tsoonf T exaAs& M UniversaintdyP ,r ofesSscoortF t.M i dkiffo ft he VirginPioal ytechInnisct itute. M.M orriMsa no Contents Preface XV CHAPTER ONE Digital Logic Circuits 1·1 Digital Computers 1 1·2 Logic Gates 4 1-3 Boolean Algebra 7 Complemmr of a Function I 0 1-4M apS implification II Prodvct-af·Swru Sfm�Jlifico.tion /of Don't-CarCondirioeru 16 1-SC ombinaCtiircouniatsl 18 Hai{-Mkr 19 MJI.Mkf 20 ,1-6 Flip-Flop� 22 SRF U,.Fiop 22 0 FU,.Fiop2 3 JKF lip-Flop2 4 T Flip-Flop 24 E.dgc-Tfiumd Flip.Fiops 25 Exti!ation Talks 27 1-7S equeCnitrciuailts Flip-FloIpn pEqu4tioruut 28 SIOU Table 30 SIOU Oiogr11m 31 �Example 32 � Proced.at 36 Problems References iii iv Contents CHAPTER TWO DigitCaolm ponents 41 2-1I ntegrCaitrecdu its 41 2-2D ecoders 43 NANDG atDee code4r5 DecoEdxpearn sion4 6 Encode4r7s 2·3M ultiplexers 48 2-4R egisters 50 RegiwsittPehar r aLloleald 5 1 2-5S hiRfetg isters 53 BidirecStionhaiRlfe tg iwsittPehar r aLloleald 5 3 2-6B inaCryo unters 56 BinarCyo unwtietPrha raLloleald 5 8 2-7M emoryU nit 58 Random-AcMceemsorys 60 Read-MOenmloryy 61 Typofe RsO Ms 62 Problems 63 References 65 CHAPTER THREE DataR epresentation 67 3-1D atTay pes 67 NumbSeyrs tems6 8 OctaanlHd exade cimal Number6s9 Decimal Represen72ta tion AlphanuRmeeprriecs en7ta3t ion 3-2C omplements 74 (r-Clo)m'psl em7en5t (r'Cso)m plemen7t5 Subtracoft Uinosni Ngnuedm ber7s6 3-3F ixed-PRoeipnrte sentation 77 InteRgeeprr esen7ta8t ion ArithmAeddtiict io7n9 ArithmSeubtitcr acti8o0n Overflow 80 Decimal Fixed-RPeopirnets en8tation1 Contents V 3-4F loatingR-ePporienste ntation 83 3-5O theBri naCroyd es 84 GraCyode 84 Other DeciCmoadle s8 5 OchAelrp hanCuomdeersi8 c6 3-6E rroDre tection Codes 87 Problems 89 References 91 CHAPTER FOUR RegisTtrearn sfaenrdM icrooperati9o3ns 4·1R egister lTarnagnusafgeer 93 4·2R egisTtrearn sfer 95 4-3B usa ndM emorTyr ansfers 97 ThreeB-uSBstau rffee rIs00 Memory Transf1e0r I 44- ArithmeMtiiccr ooperations 102 BinaArdyd er 130 BinaArddye r-SubtIr04ac tor Binarlyncr emenr1e50r ArithmCeitriccu Ii0 t6 4-5 LogiMci crooperations 108 LiosfLt o giMcicr ooperat1ion90s HardwIamrpele mentatIionI I SomAep plicatIiIonsI 4-6S hiMfitc rooperations 114 HardwIamrpel ementaItIion5 4-7A rithmeLtoigciS ch iUfnti t 116 Problems 119 References 122 CHAPTER FIVE BasiCco mputOerrg anizaatnidDo ens ign1 23 51- InstrucCtodieosn 123 StorPreodw aOmr ganizaIt2ion5 IndirAeddcrte ssI 26 vi Contents 5-2C omputReerg isters 127 Common BuSsy ste1m92 5-3C omputIenrs tructions 132 InstrSucetCtio omnp leten1e43s s 5-4T iminagn dC ontrol 135 5-5I nstrucCtyicolne 139 FetacndhD ecod1e9 3 Determthei Tnyep oefI nstruct1i14o n RegisterI-nRsetfreucrt1eion3n4s c e 5-6M emory-RefIenrsetnruccet ions 145 ANDt oAC 154 ADDw AC 164 LOALoad: to AC1 64 STAS:t orAeC 174 BUN:B ranUcnhc onditionaUy 174 BSAB:r anacndSh a vRee tAuddrnr ess1 4 7 ISZI:ncr ementa ndS kiIpfZ ero1 94 ContrFollow cha1r9t4 5-7I nput-OuatnpdIu ntt errupt 150 Input-COonufitpguurta ti1o15n Input-OIuntpsuttr uct1ion25s PrograImtern rupt 135 InteCrruypctle 165 5-8C ompleCtoem putDeers cription 157 5-9D esiogfnB asCiocm puter 157 ContrLoolgicG ates1 06 ControofRl e giasndtM eemrorys 106 ControofSl i nFgllei p-F1l2o6 ps ControofCl o mmBonu s 126 5-1D0e siogfnA ccumulLaotgoirc 164 Controfo AlC R egis1te56r Addearnd L ogicC ircu1i66t Problems 167 References 171 CHAPTER SIX ProgrammitnhgeB asiCco mputer 173 6-1I ntroduction 173 6-2M achiLnaen guage 174 Contents vii 6-3A ssembLlayn guage 179 Ruleofs the Language1 97 AnE xample1 18 TranstlaoBt iinaorny 1 28 6-4T heA ssembler 183 RepreseonfSta ytmibProoonlgr ica m inM emory 148 FirPsasts 158 SecoPruias s 178 6-5P rogrLaomo ps 190 6-6P rogramAmriintgh maentdiLc o gic Operations 192 MultipPrloicgraatmi o1n39 Double-PrAeddciitsiioo1nn69 Logic Operation1s79 ShiOfpte ration1s79 6-7S ubroutines 198 SubrouPtairnaemsae ndtD earraLs i nkage 200 6-8I nput-OuPtrpougtr amming 203 CharacMtaenri pula2t04i on PrograImtern rupt 205 Problems 208 References 211 CHAPTER SEVEN MicroprogrammedC ontrol 213 7-1C ontrMoelm ory 213 7-2A ddreSsesq uencing 216 CoruiitionalB ranch2i17n g MappoifIn ngs truct2i19o n Subrouti2n2e0s 7-3M icroprogram Example 220 CompuCtonefirgu rati2o2n0 MicroinsFtormartuc ti2o2n2 SymbMoilcrico instr2uc2tion5s TheFe tcRho utin2e2 6 SymbMoilcrico progr2a2m7 BinaMriycr oprogr2a2m9