Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2049.html i ee er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. IMn aCnoaagsitnagl WUrabsatne wAarteears pnv al pamattiative e origincific forauthorit osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the CommCitoteme moniWs Wsiaotaensr Nt oeSanwct iiEaoetnnengrca ielMn Raeaneenrdsaie ngTagere cmcahhne ndCno toT lfuoeongcrcyh Ci nlBoicoaaasltr adSly Ustrebmans Areas been recompd breaks, heaease use the s orPl ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. the original; liccident n of e orien a ohe w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b egp naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr PDF esettind so ut this nal typned, a NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS ogiai Washington, D.C. 1993 Aboriret Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2049.html ii ee er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. NNotfNhofaOAer St aiTTccopoIiInepCmOanrElmoNc :Rpe iAsTrteti,Lseh ateeteh eaA er prb eCcNrsaohAplaj aCoetDnicnooctEsnu eitaMnb.hlcla eYAitl ,fi c soPwa rtRd hhtehEeom esSse yurS e bmo p2jfeeo1 Ecmr0ttn1 bowg eCfier nstrohe enaei srcsre ithrn ieodtgpusr,aoet awinront nnfdwo ftArarh ostveh ma eeIp.n i,trp shN rtseiop.t Wvuceeotce.dui aW onblfc yc aiM olstsmhh eoeidpfn iG ecgtthioteneovne necN. r,iT eanDsthiin Ceoag nn m 2adB0le o w4mAa1irbct8dhae drorseef m gotafhyred pnv This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures al pamattiative aenpcperos,v tehde bNya ati oRneaplo Artc Radeevmieyw oCf oEmnmgiinteteeer icnogn, sainstdi nthge o Ifn msteitmutbee orsf oMf ethdeic Ninaet.ional Academy of Sci- e origincific forauthorit eXn-c8e1 S7Fu0op0up1no-d0rat1t if-oo0nr, ttGhheirsa Cnptir toNyj eooc.f t B SwCaanSs -Dp9ri0eo0gv2oid8, e6thd7e ,b UFy r.teShe.e mE Nananvt iiFroounnnamdl Aeonfc tatahdl eeP mBroyot seotcfot nEio nSngo Aicnigeeeetnyric noygf ,CC Noivnaittlir oaEncnta glN iSnoce.ie-rs, osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the aLCnnioicdbaa rslN aT6CMtSaar2DIlytay8P isU6n o.to15anerf'gb3ma6 pI1NUCia.Sl8..nMs ra nOB2oSc,gbt —inm3ANN aecow4ngwern.a d ar a0et1aaAncesia-lg9o3t2sis reeRc9nse,00 w 3aaWe9d aC9slasn-i .3ase0Rtadep-at4t e1raeorA8 scr8lsi2eo tnha4Sma6g l 5ccrC.-io cino52oeshag.npu s-CRchntiaenecoul ri-un aliPu ncon(ru cfdUbAfib a—l.Td.lSniemc. E)aca.irhn nteCnviiaosoiosrntlm oro/ an DgmCtmiyaooi ttenBmtane oCmteaa oloir ntdantte,s r WepCa ecooactnm stNs tWem.o w3.ia s.a5s sCtt0ieeo-orwDn aM asGottaaneNnlr E CazMgno-e9gnam0nien 0aemeg1nee3atr mn9ifnao.eggrn eaCtm nfodoea rnsTttae. lcI.h- been recompd breaks, heaease use the CProinptyerdig ihnt t1h9e9 U3 nbiyte tdh eS tNataetsio onfa Al Amceardiceamy of Sciences. All rights reserved. s orPl ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. the original; liccident n of e orien a ohe w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b egp naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr PDF esettind so ut this nal typned, a ogiai Aboriret Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2049.html iii ee per book, not from thng, however, cannot bversion for attribution. JOCHONM J. MBOILTATNEDE, COChaNOir A,W JSoAhTnSAsT HLEo UpWkRinABs TUAEnNiRv eA rMsRitAyE, NABaASltGimEorMe, EMNarTyl aFndOR e original pacific formattiauthoritative BNWLOILARFLKMoIEAuA nMNtPa .iHM n .A.V BENaRIlDClOeEHyOR,B KCSASaOUl,iN fCMo, ar,ln CiTifaoohurenn Witay o InrSlsdat inWtuittaieltd ioolfinf Te eDFcuihsnntdroi,cl Wotsg ayso, hfPi naOsgatrodanenn,g aDe .CC.ounty, osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the LDRRTACLJOYHAOOHLOAANORBBANCSNRNNMEERAea RRYL aBLmARtTTE .JDtASb. l. RSe GrJW .Mi, . O RdM ROWRH.gS. .O LH.E eUKE aODEAOs,GE'F hSMMURWIGi.NN nNnEAEAgEiAHLSvtNTRRoTI,eAT ,An,Tr H RCs,CNH, i V,LatJ aa,yClo miEtiC rihflogoMeoponfinmr rnsDASnan isHlioaerNo ae ulo nIl,sODtn p hsUUskcee MtFnerpinin tailai&uavosvnrst erte iUesmiMcrrd as soneacicifitn,thaKvy yMnTtue, ,e dso raICeaes tfm rhit lItHitAeapnynsmc eac,et maa. Bs,SI,l o notaONchnsslitr tpe,eSi ilwnmhStaeucneo rotYerdvuerisoi cteo,ch , ,r Ge okFMCsAfll, oa odaErurrmToimycdleeiliaenacnsrnhitaysedntrvro iaPlltoloiegoinynt,, been recompd breaks, heaease use the JWESRTRBY LRI.A SICSHOUNBEL, State University of New York at Stony Brook ginal work has ne lengths, worally inserted. Pl RPAICNHVEAiLrRg OiDniN aA E. NCOVNIRWOANYM, EUNniToAn LC aPrRbiOdeC CEoSrSpEorSation, South Charleston, West n of the orie original; lien accident WNOARYMMNaAEss NaRc Hh. u.G sBeERttYsOEORK, SW, Cohoadisr ,H Coalleif oOrncieaa nInosgtriatupthei co f ITnestcihtuntoiolong, yW, Poaosdasd eHnaole, ohe ew digital representatige breaks are true to tphic errors may have b RGACDOHLEOAOBANSBNRERAerRGL oaLtoTEEJDtkl. S e J ,A, . WRNM W.H .eJE .UAawO AsGPC 'hMYRRGiKnoNEIESgTrLSktOTCoI ,T (NAnHr,eN,, A VsTJaiRogiterihDnxgoneain,nsd sa i PHlAa9 r /oI o6O&npf/s9ekc tMse1iinsta)uo snUt riUe cn Eonivfimav eMneredsrrais itrtiyutiAyn,s ,et,C m BSoToalchlslietpeeignmh eceU oerSrinstce,ia ,vGt MieAolronsdauirmtycyeil nasanitsetd trr SaPttoiooinnnyt, naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr JERRY R. SCHUBEL, State University of New York at Stony Brook PDF esettind so ut this nal typned, a ogiai Aboriret Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2049.html iv ee er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. WRPLYAOILNNBELNEEmIRL AeTR MrO y.W N vMGi .lH l.OHe EELOIADCWLMHATBARHANT,U ,HE M,CC C,hO oTaSrhinrYe,e SlWlCT UoaErlnilMifdvo SeWrnr, siiAialtd yNl,DiD fIeet h pAFaaEucrntaSmd,T ,Ne HWnetEw aTos YhfI ioCnHrgSketoanlt,h D .SCe.rvices, pnv al pamattiative RAOLABNER TJ. J.M HEUAGRGNEST,T ,N Vaitrigoinnaila IOnscteitauntiec ofa Mnda riAnetm Socsipenhceerisc, GAlodumceinsitsetrr aPtoioinnt, e origincific forauthorit JOASNe aBt.t lRe,O WSEas, hUinngivtoenrsity of South Florida, Tampa been recomposed from XML files created from thd breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-speease use the print version of this publication as the PJJWKPTTBOOAHALRAIHHLANONETUFNNLKEMHAEoIn ELLETJAuAi.v nR M MMOOSBetPIa r.ONENN M. siM niNLE t .PSDAy.V A T KOFO,EeN aN FLEGIWUlLDCloDEIeRIRNrEHOTyC,tO C RA,CCBLR IVCSEEThHaAKaEOua HSECUlSdi,i,N r,R feOM I,ToC,r ,N FJdr N,EhCon laSCTaoThiCalTaoierhnmRrHiuIesd, TpOn NaCWHatU LylOioego T ApmALnrSIkl tdOsNOfalioaon nWDGNnnrsi tt PYSUaiUiPclut,dnU ingAoliiiveBnvUfNtee eL nrSD rDFsIsiovi CiuEitutesynyLnrtC,d,rs d YBi,CiOc, t W aytlSONsel/et FmaOWiamslotsohMtfoNorli einnrIEd,Oeg,C a ,WDtSr oSMaonanuIas,gn thrDhetyie n.lCrCagnCna.taorodtouinolninntyaal, the original work has ginal; line lengths, worccidentally inserted. Pl DBJJTGAOAIOLLMSKENLECNEAAYPaS SHLmT HHFD. b T..DI r .KKiA AdLRORgSII.eGRNEA INGGNFSEE.,OS 3GRL,M H,,UA CUA nYCH.RiS,vo 2LE.emM rEEnspg nMiaHtivynnAii yleroloN e,f( nr rD,iCe mnetagieMnlr-nievSfatdeoacs)rrlis,,n e aPSCnicartcoho,.e lutDPo,es arIcaeanutvtidtclios,os. n,M FAIianngisnretfeinatsuxcoty,te ,aV Ciorignf icniTinaneacthin, oOlhoigoy, n of e orien a P. AARNE VESILIND, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina ohe w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b egp naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr PDF esettind so ut this nal typned, a ogiai Aboriret Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2049.html v ee er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. JVWPLAAALIMLANRLERDEISYLIAM PMOA.I R.N H CR EN.SO APOOEINVUSSEANORYNETC,ORN EU,,YS nCH,i vhMaeavraiesrrni,q tsCyu a eaontmftde Cp EU oDmnlorieevrrsaessdoresonri, ,t & yBI,n oMMcu.,lci dlBKweoreaseut okInnec,e .,M, WOarsislsacanocdnhosui,s nFetltosrida pnv al pamattiative SStAafRfAH CONNICK, Study Director e origincific forauthorit PJAACTQRUICEILAI NL.E C MICAECRDOO, NSeAnLioDr ,P Srtoajfef cOt fAfiscseisrtant osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the LIBSnUYEteSTNrAnHNsN CK .MA LUSAPRMECRBO,E TERTdT,i t,Mo Sruaiarmbl mlAeehsrse iaIsndtat,e nMrtnassachusetts been recompd breaks, heaease use the s orPl ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. the original; liccident n of e orien a ohe w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b egp naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr PDF esettind so ut this nal typned, a ogiai Aboriret Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2049.html vi ee er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. pnv al pamattiative e origincific forauthorit osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the been recompd breaks, heaease use the s orPl ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. the original; liccident n of e orien a ohe w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b egp naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr PDF esettind so ut this nal typned, a ogiai Aboriret Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2049.html vii ee er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. AD.A NDIAEWNL AAT.AT OREKLRUO NCS,KC C, IhVEaiicNre, CUCnEhiva Aeirr,Ns iItDyll io nTfo NEis oCIrntHhs tCNitauOrtoeL lionOfa ,GT CeYhcah pBneoOll oHAgiylRl, DChicago- pnv al pamattiative J. DAKNen At CLLolEleNg,e C ohf eLvarwon USA, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana e origincific forauthorit KDAENVNIDE TLH. F DR.E FYRBEEDREGR,I SCtKan, fRoreds oUunrcivese rfsoirty t,h Se tFanuftourrde,, WCaalsifhoinrngitaon, D.C. osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the WDLWTRCJSUTHYOHUIIDALLONBAALYYLFVMNERNoOIo RRL LAEsArRRO TkE. AMS .LDM SSGJ n. .M GgRCE OGHeSYR...LEl U.GJeA EHDOOsGARFPEMRHG,A,RL G NAAUEDPLESNrTnAMNiSOizT,DvE OAoCN,e OnRNVNra,as ,Pl,Ci , ii Ur StUfMgyoBotnLi anrroenitnsOivtfeisuria e taSoGUl or tIp,sDalen n-ionostMieSlyvttrip,ig. te yt aoaBuirernafstSetr ,ei mCs tt.W Ah y oaeSe,tflaP nhsi qTtMftadeeu oepoanrimra a,bfsnD r dMbpHiinoai esea,eCp tar BruoSyillctemclohatris kpenoS enadfeln&c erSeyvy o,,i cuGANetlhsseos,ew uorEcnc meYi aCsetotaeerrylsrki ,vfP, o iolNrIlinneneictwa.,, been recompd breaks, heaease use the KBPHREINULRNCIoPEEc CTkEvH.. i SlR WlIeIN,T. G MTPEMOaRrTAy,Tl NaUEnNnRdi,v, NeUronsriittvhyew orsefi stNtye oronrft hUW Cniiasvcreoorlnsinsitiayn,,, CEMhvaaadpniesslto oHnni,l lIllinois s orPl JOY B. ZEDLER, San Diego State University, San Diego ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. SStTaEffPHEN D. PARKER, Director the original; liccident SSHAERIALHA CDO. NDNAIVCIKD,, SSeenniioorr SSttaaffff OOffffiicceerr n of e orien a CHRIS ELFRING, Senior Staff Officer w digital representatioe breaks are true to thhic errors may have be GJJAPGEAANARACTEIRNTQRGYANUIO CK EEARI RLAA.Y IAH QN LKUA.UE .SCL INMSLLICY,IA, N SECACtORadEDfm,O,f OASiO,n edNSfinmfesAiitncoirLniearoir DtsrPit v,rrP eSaor ttjAoaievjscfeesft ci OAsAtt sfsAafssnisoicstsceitsiraatnattent egp naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr PDF esettind so ut this nal typned, a ogiai Aboriret Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2049.html viii ee er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. pnv al pamattiative e origincific forauthorit sTohcei eNtayt ioofn dails Aticnagdueimshye do fs Schcioelnacress e ins gaa pgreivda itne, sncoinenprtoiffiict, asneldf -epnegrpineteueartiinngg been recomposed from XML files created from thd breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-speease use the print version of this publication as the ruttATcosrEnaAhheeechsuehnlcsseleehabeteegape sireCdcf fdaioettNorentsreevanotidcre,msaorensn he eteimtnidoghybr,risn fioirae oi ednno cpeln lntfieggsf ogrh tatgd eisye su Eetalo sie ns icrfloniANnv nesdoaamgfegr ocegrt a1iaeer e inantea8slnndnmit desdpo6w m geeo tevobn3eeiorefmiennea,idr sl nntrtesslftiuhyhs ganohe.tA,ce e r.rgre oIo esa ssct NffnAh..t t au ehiia EaDUdsrcsonertt cenairpi gnhaof.nmidgoi u eeenRganeinrdtnyan nemaoo ew tltenedob nrihyAriefac feoetir irle hcnhrc e mSi atga ga ons tcuadoMhos efgipntev eeuahas r.mde wnr sco oNWr mc ciyrtgnaieaehien samrthnotcs,ya n ii ecfi,hoema td tseoenannSnsta sf staaai cidt .ac stlbneai a h Tde arA ildp tnemilmephh rs c ctcameechaeeaieo rshntecdNdsaai gahdi.r detl aasrenn ltmetittteeqioenni rlrzmoyural t so 1eon itg.ooersig9ar ereffDog ly6a tst nStaAhi 4nr hanin. cte,at cen geiiB ua netzdds Nodnnrnadu ut tedaact apooiimctteedo ne iiestrioovnyrh t t ntntiMi ebhhhoosoaaiyeeeefrrfll. s orPl The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy ginal work hane lengths, wally inserted. optAhrfceo Sa fpdecuseibsemilnoiyccn .eos Ts fi hntSoe ct hIiseneen scetcuxietrausemt beti hyna eaci tttsissoe cunronv ondifcge eprr esot hsloisecfi yo ree nmmsapalio ntctneehsnraistbr tpimeleiretr yttmao gi bnbiveiener asgn n ott ooaf dtathhvpeeips hNreeoraa pttliortohi tan hotaeefl the original; liccident fceadreer,a rl egsoevaerrcnhm, eanntd a nedd,u ucpaotino ints. oDwr.n K ineintinateitvhe ,I t.o S ihdienneti fiys ipsrseuseisd oefn mt oefd itchael n of e orien a Institute of Medicine. ohe w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b TStapoedpohccveleihirie caNsnnitieoiancnsltge goid os gteanh yitgeaen e wlr fn m1Reci9dtyiehne1 so ere6tafdha l btre bogoc yAh ota hvt csC hetasehrodo enAue cmNnmciceaaayindttli’e etosw. mn tpFahaysuule, rn Ao tpbchrcgotreaiaos odCneaneisodmzi nueo ycgndf oc ofibimnfuly rS hamttchcahiusceee o nbnrNriicednatecyatgsoin o moakcnnfneead o lswt wtAchhieicltee hea pnNd drgcgieaenemtenic oaeyiapnrn noaaaddflll egp Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr ajAonlidbn ttehlryet ssb cyai enbndot itDfhic rA .a cRnadod ebenemgriitne Mese ar.i nWndg h tchioteme I manrsuetni tictuhietaesi. o rTmfh Mea nCe doaiuncndicn ivel i.ic sD ear dc. mhBairniuircsmtee arMend., PDF esettind so respectively, of the National Research Council. ut this nal typned, a www.national-academies.org ogiai Aboriret Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2049.html PREFACE ix ee er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. Preface pnv al pamattiative e origincific forauthorit At least 37 percent of the U.S. population is located in counties adjacent to osed from XML files created from thding styles, and other typesetting-speprint version of this publication as the btacBaaotpohhrrcoeutfeeeeeh cinbaaaan eotlcolqssgrrimlh,.isccue b ieepgaTahzhusalleseaa thiindkotdsravesybh err e o edoceow tov od orercfe a a xt ltrostsssopeohcet tasser aeodfpetme l neius rwdfmltoaawsr,yroie rjveod.oaifdm ninliesrd .Tste tl c eheye Bhtoh wesh aeondautrni uaisstcopdeUhta ecges prbru.r rcBiSnoe aaemo pco.pdnsa ooo,esued sEvtnmldlm toiaenats cneetrlohvyiw d osei twasr tahlnddon olsae oifend tstia fetescm prne wShroeutrdseh lanita.a nboeen ttitatesrmeH tiaa msvdDrloi t es niiiiawt o nPen rsalng teaerasrhro aotvoceeoeett k eclmed fcaqri lc ao,toaoue tittmtcivfanhteeo weretdap pna alt 1olryn nfaa9o a tAd icoi8gccanrntgfo0rineieel evendsdiddtstni cgh its,icceeti ien henoyasn ivsan gna mt orts td( iahlitEocst,vmat ahs aePelittean dpn dA wy n r hw mu o)moaciw grvotataabae hiusejnnnraboelrlsydngydeesr. been recompd breaks, heaease use the papnarodrad duATocex enc nuhoomnf oscblioeogmrgn yiopf fil caBfaianonctatst ro idmor sfp (corWoovmveSerTbcmiBonen)en tdrto o itnlno ionftcoh ectihasu ens iwmsthsaiuedt eesa.rt t tqoeFunfi artwsiloitt inydw eoasaftp s gtr herteeaha deWt cccaoootnsentcrss e.Sprnicc iueonovcueesr n of the original work has e original; line lengths, woren accidentally inserted. Pl dmcnNaauotgoer aobnet ttenaonsihroentuceiryno yt uas ar dcrialoedtii tinrnaCeioen sv onco groitm ep nilcvovpw omtineohsead irtwetsst:oe us f rfoinuo obnitqfCnotu iut ttroehohhaesnenl e. ig t toBorWyper .oods ialmsseAitt,creo pn irontero hofsQ te vhsau leeeanEa rvidlw dPei nt rAaydoaSs olttra aerwebnbewpin qlloeal uiDr tboeetfy isnreiet n aegmtdt hdouo1ae rl9n let7aChfa ar5agwlscet.e. eaa mCF tsnh oie sentWnneh astceWl eaol pyqtnloeS,aud rlTreti aghcnABreeyyt c lr yetfaa o, mdt shrriviea nonicad uscot1 enemba9 tes 8ettthehon9aneeftl, ohe w digital representatie breaks are true to thic errors may have b egp naa file: This ng files. Pme typogr PDF esettind so ut this nal typned, a ogiai Aboriret Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2049.html PREFACE x ee er book, not from thg, however, cannot bersion for attribution. wOFEunacngse dainT npeoihrcefoe rv iatWnhindgedeS . dBTAT oBthbsm eytto ho nCest phnoShe mio encrmEiiticPieia ttAtAtyee ,edd o m tftoh hinCene iiWssvNttiurlaaa dtstEiyitooen ntwngha,iaa ln tttehe Sleree cr dsMiC e,t inoaatcy nnte ahdo gi fsFet hmoSreeuae pnnNnod traD atttf.iii ooeoFrgnni ona,C l,a onttAhahcesceia ta alFdN ls reaueUmtepirmyopb noaaoarnnftl pnv Areas was formed and charged with the completion of various aspects of this al pamattiative study. The Statement of Task required the Committee to examine issues e origincific forauthorit rthelee Cvaonmt mtoi twteaes twewasa dteirre mctaenda tgoe cmoennsti diner u:rban coastal areas. 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Pme typogr aton dc acpTothuuenre til seessvusee rrsye atvhdiisdnirogen stshs.ea Idtt ebevyxe ptrhryee ms Cseeomsm tbhmeer i ctwtoeoneus teladnk sheu apsv loea fcw eth iwseh ieCthdoi.nm cmoimttpeele, xb uatn dit fails PDF esettind so ut this nal typned, a ogiai Aboriret Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.