MANAGING POWER ELECTRONICS VLSl and DSP-Driven Computer Systems Dr. Nazzareno Rossetti This Page Intentionally Left Blank MANAGING POWER ELECTRONICS VLSl and DSP-Driven Computer Systems Dr. Nazzareno Rossetti WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright 02 006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. 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Integrated circuits-Very large scale integration. 2. Semicon- ductors. 3. Signal processing-Digital techniques. 1. Title. 11. Title: VLSl and DSP-driven computer systems. TK7874.75.R67 2005 62 1.38 1'044-dc22 2005021296 Printed in the United States of America. I 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Ash and Ty, my two pearls This Page Intentionally Left Blank ...................................................................... Foreword....... xv .. .................................. ............ .... .. ............. .. ....... ..... Preface xvii .......................................................................... 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Technology Landscape 1 1.2 A Young Industry after All 4 ...................................... 2 Power Management Technologies 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Integrated Circuits Power Technology: Processing and Packaging 10 Diodes and Bipolar Transistors 10 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Transistors 15 DMOS Transistors 16 CMOS Transistors 17 Passive Components 17 A Monolithic Process Example 18 Packaging 18 2.3 Discrete Power Technology: Processing and Packaging 20 From Wall to Board 20 Power MOSFET Technology Basics 21 Package Technologies 23 2.4 Ongoing Trends 24 vii viii Contents ............................................................................... 3 Circuits 25 Part I Analog Circuits 26 3.1 Transistors 26 NPN 26 PNP 27 Trans-Conductance 27 Transistor as Transfer-Resistor 28 Transistor Equations 29 MOS versus Bipolar Transistors 30 3.2 Elementary Circuits 32 Current Mirror 32 Current Source 32 Differential Input Stage 33 Differential to Single Input Stage 34 Buffer 35 3.3 Operational Amplifier (Opamp) 35 Inverting and Non-Inverting Inputs 36 Rail to Rail Output Operation 37 CMOSOpamp 37 Opamp Symbol and Configurations 38 DC Open Loop Gain 38 AC Open Loop Gain 39 3.4 Voltage Reference 41 Positive TC of AVBE 41 Negative TC of VBE 4 1 Build a AVBE 42 Building a Voltage Reference 43 Fractional Band-Gap Voltage Reference 44 3.5 Voltage Regulator 46 3.6 Linear versus Switching 48 3.7 Switching Regulators 49 3.8 Buck Converters 49 Switching Regulator Power Train 50 Output Capacitor 52 Electrolytic Capacitors and Transient Response 52 Ceramic Capacitors 53 Losses in the Power Train 55 The Analog Modulator 56 Driver 57