New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture Series Editors Florin Curta University of Florida, USA Leonora Neville University of Wisconsin Madison, USA Shaun Tougher Cardiff University, UK New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture publishes high-quality scholarship on all aspects of Byzantine culture and society from the fourth to the fifteenth centuries, presenting fresh approaches to key aspects of Byzantine civilization and new studies of unexplored topics to a broad academic audience. The series is a venue for both methodologically innovative work and ground- breaking studies on new topics, seeking to engage medievalists beyond the narrow confines of Byzantine studies. The core of the series is original scholarly monographs on various aspects of Byzantine culture or society, with a particular focus on books that foster the interdisciplinarity and methodological sophistication of Byzantine studies. The series editors are interested in works that combine textual and material sources, that make exemplary use of advanced methods for the analysis of those sources, and that bring theoretical practices of other fields, such as gender theory, subaltern studies, religious studies theory, anthropology, etc. to the study of Byzantine culture and society. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14755 Gerasimos Merianos and George Gotsis Managing Financial Resources in Late Antiquity Greek Fathers’ Views on Hoarding and Saving Gerasimos Merianos Institute of Historical Research, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece George Gotsis Department of History and Philosophy of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture ISBN 978-1-137-56408- 5 e-ISBN 978-1-137-56409-2 https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56409-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017947168 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover credit: Gregory of Nazianzus giving alms to the poor (cod. Sin. gr. 339, f. 341 v , twelfth century). Source: G. Galavaris, Ζωγραφική βυζαντινών χειρογράφων (Athens: Ekdotike Athenon, 1995), fig. 148, by kind permission of the publisher. Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Macmillan Publishers Ltd. part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom Abbreviations Old Testament Ex. Exodus Lev. Leviticus Num. Numbers Deut. Deuteronomy Ps. Psalms Prov. Proverbs Eccl. Ecclesiastes Sir. Sirach Isa. Isaiah Jer. Jeremiah Ezek. Ezekiel Hos. Hosea Am. Amos Mic. Micah Nah. Nahum New Testament Mt. Matthew Mk. Mark Mk. Mark Lk. Luke Acts Acts of the Apostles Rom. Romans 1–2 Cor. 1–2 Corinthians Gal. Galatians Eph. Ephesians Phil. Philippians Col. Colossians 1–2 Thess. 1–2 Thessalonians 1–2 Tim. 1–2 Timothy Tit. Titus Philem. Philemon Heb. Hebrews Jas. James 1–2 Pet. 1–2 Peter 1 Jn. 1 John Jud. Jude Rev. Revelation Patristic Texts Basil Basil of Caesarea Hom. Destr. horr. Homilia in illud: “Destruam horrea mea” Hom. div. Homilia in divites Hom. temp. fam. Homilia dicta tempore famis et siccitatis HPs. 14b Homilia in psalmum 14b 1–2 Clem. 1–2 Clement Clem. Alex. Clement of Alexandria Quis div. Quis dives salvetur Chrysostom John Chrysostom De dec. mill. De decem millium talentorum debitore De Laz. conc. De Lazaro conciones De stat. hom. De statuis hom. In Act. apost. hom. In Acta apostolorum hom. In Col. hom. In epistulam ad Colossenses hom. In 1 Cor. hom. In epistulam I ad Corinthios hom. In 2 Cor. hom. In epistulam II ad Corinthios hom. In Eph. hom. In epistulam ad Ephesios hom. In Heb. hom. In epistulam ad Hebraeos hom. In Ioh. hom. In Iohannem hom. In Mt. hom. In Matthaeum hom. In Phil. hom. In epistulam ad Philippenses hom. In 1 Thess. hom. In epistulam I ad Thessalonicenses hom. In 1 Tim. hom. In epistulam I ad Timotheum hom. In 2 Tim. hom. In epistulam II ad Timotheum hom. Princ. Act. hom. In principium Actorum hom. Did. Didache Greg. Naz. Gregory of Nazianzus Test. Testamentum Greg. Nyss. Gregory of Nyssa Paup. 1 De beneficentia ; vulgo De pauperibus amandis 1 Usur. Contra usurarios SH Shepherd of Hermas Mand. Mandata Sim. Similitudines Vis. Visiones Theodoret Theodoret of Cyrrhus De prov. De providentia orationes decem Interpr. 2 Cor. Interpretatio epistolae II ad Corinthios Interpr. Heb. Interpretatio epistolae ad Hebraeos Interpr. 1 Tim. Interpretatio epistolae I ad Timotheum Or. de div. et s. char. Oratio de divina et sancta charitate Legal Texts CJ Codex Justinianus CTh Codex Theodosianus NVal Novellae Valentiniani Editions and Secondary Sources ACO Schwartz, E. et al., ed., Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum. Strasbourg: W. de Gruyter, 1914; Berlin and Leipzig: W. de Gruyter, 1924–. Azéma 1–4 Azéma, Y., ed. and trans., Théodoret de Cyr, Correspondance , 4 vols. SC 40, 98, 111, 429. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1955–1998. BHG Halkin, F. Bibliotheca hagiographica graeca , 3 vols. in 1. Subsidia Hagiographica, 8a. 3rd edn. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 1957. BHL [Société des Bollandistes] Bibliotheca hagiographica latina antiquae et mediae aetatis , 2 vols. Subsidia Hagiographica, 6. Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 1898–1901. BSGRT Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana CCS Cambridge Classical Studies CS Variorum Collected Studies Series ECF The Early Church Fathers ECF The Early Church Fathers Ehrman 1–2 Ehrman, B. D., ed. and trans., The Apostolic Fathers , 2 vols. LCL, 24–25. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. Évieux 1–2 Évieux, P., ed. and trans., Isidore de Péluse, Lettres , 2 vols. SC, 422, 454. Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1997–2000. GCS Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller GCS NF Die Griechischen Christlichen Schriftsteller, Neue Folge GNO Jaeger, W. et al., ed., Gregorii Nysseni Opera, vol. 1–. Leiden: Brill, 1952–. HTSTS HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series Lampe Lampe, G. W. H., A Patristic Greek Lexicon . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961. LCL Loeb Classical Library LSJ Liddell, H. G., Scott, R., and Jones, H. S., A Greek-English Lexicon . 9th edn. with revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. NPNF 2 A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church , 2nd series, ed. P. Schaff and H. Wace. 14 vols. New York: The Christian Literature Company, 1890–1900. NRSV New Revised Standard Version NTS New Testament Studies ODB Kazhdan, A.P., ed., The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium , 3 vols. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. OECS Oxford Early Christian Studies PG Migne, J-P., ed., Patrologiae Cursus Completus. Series Graeca, 161 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Catholique, 1857–66. PLRE 1–3 Jones, A.H.M. (vol. 1), Martindale, J.R. (vols. 1–3), and Morris, J. (vol. 1), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire , 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971–1992. SC Sources Chrétiennes SNT Supplements to Novum Testamentum SNTSMS Society for New Testament Studies: Monograph Series