Management of Intentional and Accidental Water Pollution NATO Security through Science Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme for Security through Science (STS). Meetings supported by the NATO STS Programme are in security-related priority areas of Defence Against Terrorism or Countering Other Threats to Security.The types of meeting supported are generally "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops".The NATO STS Series collects together the results of these meetings.The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's "Partner" or "Mediterranean Dialogue" countries.The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of participants and contributors only;they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2004 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series A.Chemistry and Biology Springer B.Physics and Biophysics Springer C.Environmental Security Springer D.Information and Communication Security IOS Press E.Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl Series C:Environmental Security – Vol. 11 Management of Intentional and Accidental Water Pollution edited by Gyula Dura National Institute of Environmental Health of “Jozsef Fodor” National Center for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary Veska Kambourova National Center of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition, Sofia, Bulgaria and Fina Simeonova National Center of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition, Sofia, Bulgaria Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Management of Intentional and Accidental Water Pollution Sofia, Bulgaria 8–12 May 2005 AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 1-4020-4799-1 (PB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4799-2 (PB) ISBN-10 1-4020-4798-3 (HB) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4798-5 (HB) ISBN-10 1-4020-4800-9 (e-book) ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4800-5 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands. CONTENTS PREFACE ............................................................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................. xi VESKA KAMBOUROVA POTENTIAL WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS POSED BY INTENTIONAL/ACCIDENTAL INTERVENTIONS.............................. 1 GYULA DURA, SANDOR SZOBOSZLAI, BALAZS KRISZT, ZOLTAN PRIVLER, SANDOR RUZS-MOLNAR QUANTITATIVE HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTING FROM GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION OF AN ABANDONED OPEN FIELD CHEMICAL WASTE BURNING SITE...............................................................................11 HERMANN H. DIETER ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND WARFARE TOXINS IN DRINKING WATER..................................................................................23 FERENC LÁSZLÓ LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE CYANIDE AND HEAVY METAL ACCIDENTAL WATER POLLUTION IN THE TISA RIVER BASIN IN THE YEAR 2000..................................... 43 HANS-MARTIN MULISCH ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION ON FORMER MILITARYSITESANDHAZARDS TO THE DRINKING WATER IN GERMANY: INVENTORY AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS.................. 51 ANAHIT ALEKSANDRYAN CONTAMINATION OF WATER BASINS OF ARMENIA BY PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS.............................................65 v vi DOMENICA AUTERI AND MANUELA MANGIAROTTI PESTICIDE RISK ASSESSMENT TO PROTECT AQUATIC SYSTEMS..................................................................................... 75 JOAN B. ROSE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL RISKS FOR WATER ...................................................... 85 ANDREA TÖRÖKNÉ BIOLOGICAL AGENTS LIKE THREAT CAUSING ONES OR TOOLS FOR DETECTING HAZARDS...................................103 ZDENEK FILIP AND KATERINA DEMNEROVA MICROBIAL RESISTANCE TO CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS - AN ESSENTIAL PRECONDITION OF NATURAL ATTENUATION IN GROUNDWATER AQUIFER ..........113 TALEB HAMID, REQIA SAGOU, RACHID AMANHIR SPECIFIC BIOLOGICAL THREATS IN WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION....................................................................129 TOMISLAV RIZOV, VESKA KAMBOUROVA, JORDAN SIMEONOV AND IVAN I. BENCHEV IS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION WITH POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS A PROBLEM FOR BULGARIA.......................................... 137 VLADIMÍR BENCKO DOES SURFACE WATER TREATMENT NEED SPECIAL MEASURES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC?...............................................151 NICOLAE OPOPOL WATER MANAGEMENT IN REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA. PRINCIPAL THREATS................................................................................167 HAMID TALEB WATER MANAGEMENT IN MOROCCO.................................................177 LIVIU – DANIEL GALATCHI THE ROMANIAN NATIONAL ACCIDENTAL AND INTENTIONAL POLLUTED WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .........................................................................181 vii ANNA POTAPENKO RISK FOR PREGNANT WOMEN DUE TO BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF DRINKING WATER. .....................185 ALFRED BERNARD AND CLAIRE DE BURBURE CHEMICAL TERRORISM: THREATS TO WATER SUPPLIES..............193 GALINA GOPINA WATER FRAME DIRECTIVE – AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION OF WATER SOURCES IN CASE OF EMERGENCIES AT RIVER BASIN LEVEL ..........................................................................201 CARLO RIPARBELLI, MARIANUNZIA CAMBARERI, MARCO PASTORI AND STEFANO BRENNA WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE: THE CASE OF LOMBARDY - NORTH ITALY........................................211 OLGA SIVOCHALOVA AND SOFYIA PLITMAN PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL WATER SAFETY FOR REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PROTECTION.....................................231 MÁTYÁS BORSANYI AND GYULA DURA MAINTENANCE AND IMPROVEMENT OF DRINKING WATER SAFETY WITH ESPECIAL REGARD TO ITS ROLE IN FOOD SAFETY...........................................................................241 GIOVANNA AZIMONTI AND GIUSEPPE TRIACCHINI PESTICIDES AND SURFACE WATER. THE ROLE OF MODELING AS A TOOL TO MANAGE CONTAMINATION..........249 BOGDANA KOUMANOVA AND ZVEZDELINA YANEVA LOW-COST ADSORBENTS FOR THE REMOVAL OF NITROPHENOLS FROM WASTE WATERS.......................................263 MAGDY HEFNY ACTUALIZING WATER ETHICS IN THE REGIONAL CONTEXT OF THE ARAB WORLD..........................................................277 PETRO SMALKO ETHICAL ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION AND MANAGEMENT.................................................................................311 viii IOAN S. BOCSAN AND MARIA IRINA BRUMBECIU ENSURING ADEQUATE REACTION IN CASE OF EXTREME WATER POLLUTION THROUGH TRAINING AND EDUCATION..................................................................321 ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION..........................................................................331 ANDREA TÖRÖKNÉ POSSIBLE BIOLOGICAL THREATS FOR EUROPE..............................333 JOAN B. ROSE WATER SECURITY AND THE THREATS FROM BIOLOGICAL AGENTS OF CONCERN.......................................337 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....................343 Preface Scientists, representing the fields of agriculture, biodiversity, ecology epidemiology, medicine, microbiology, public health, toxicology, risk assessment, environmental protection and bioethics from 15 countries and 3 continents came together in May 8-12 2005, in Sofia, Bulgaria to discuss the future of water safety and security. The goals of the workshop included a discussion of the state of the science in identification of new research and approaches for water pollution events and communication of the management of water pollution and sustainability of water resources. Critical to management of accidental and intentional pollution events is the assessment of the risk, an understanding of the hazards and lessons learned from events which may lead to preventative management and control strategies. Public health protection will ultimately be improved by the ability to develop management frameworks which are flexible and adaptable to the specific region, country or watershed problems and concerns and allow for prioritization in the decision making. The integration of scientific information regarding the types of hazards the environmental fate of the chemical/biological, exposure pathways and human and ecosystem impacts may be implemented from both a qualitative or descriptive approach or using a more classical quantitative risk assessment paradigm. Thus the frameworks for assessing the risk and managing the risk may be seen as preventive, early warning and responsive. The hundreds of biological hazards are as diverse as the list of chemical pollutants and represent groups belonging to algae, bacteria, helminthes, parasites, and viruses. The sources include sewage and animal wastes as well as organisms in the natural water environment that can cause infections or produce toxins. Exposure pathways are complex, recreational waters and drinking waters (at the source, at the treatment plant, in groundwaters and distribution systems) are at risk and these organisms also impact the food chain. In addition, the natural occurring biological integrity of the water is key to ecosystem health and impacts of pollutants can be observed by examining the aquatic microbial populations of a system. ix