Karl A. LeBlanc Andrew Kingsnorth David L. Sanders Editors Management of Abdominal Hernias Fifth Edition 123 Management of Abdominal Hernias Karl A. LeBlanc Andrew Kingsnorth • David L. Sanders Editors Management of Abdominal Hernias Fifth Edition Editors Karl A. LeBlanc Andrew Kingsnorth Surgeons Group of Baton Rouge of Our Peninsula College of Medicine and Lady of the Lake Physician Group Dentistry (Emeritus) Baton Rouge Plymouth Louisiana United Kingdom USA David L. Sanders North Devon District Hospital Barnstaple United Kingdom ISBN 978-3-319-63250-6 ISBN 978-3-319-63251-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63251-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964725 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. 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Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Quantum leaps in mesh technology and minimally invasive surgery have seen the practice of hernia surgery improve beyond recognition since the first edition of this book was written 30 years ago. The pace of progress continues with the introduction of robotics and advanced techniques of abdominoplasty. Such progress results from the contributions of many individual surgeons. We would like to acknowledge our good fortune in having the benefit of such a gal- axy of internationally renowned experts who have shared their experiences to compile this text. To update each chapter and introduce new topics, an extensive review of the literature has been undertaken, in order to identify important advances which can be translated into general surgical practice. What has emerged is an in-depth consideration of all aspects of hernia man- agement and of each type of abdominal wall hernia. Our approach has not been uniform; we have allowed the contributors to emphasise the facts that they deem important to their area of specialisation in hernia surgery. The common varieties receive extra attention and discussion. Topics covered in depth include the management of patients with co-morbidities, particularly morbid obesity, ambulatory surgery and anaesthesia and choice of mesh. The avoidance of wound dehiscence is of fundamental importance to the avoidance of abdominal incisional hernias, and a chapter has been introduced on this topic. Although much of the content of this book will not be relevant to low-income countries due to cost considerations, because of increasing interest in globalisation and volunteerism, we have commissioned a chapter on management of giant inguino-scrotal hernia, as it would be carried out in a poorly resourced, but optimally managed, environment. For the surgeon start- ing out on a career specialising in abdominal wall surgery, the description of rare intraoperative and postoperative complications will reduce the risk of poor outcomes. Finally, continued progress in the surgical treatment of hernias relies on fresh talent and an early recognition of potentially revolutionary changes in clinical practice. With this in mind, Andrew Kingsnorth and Karl LeBlanc have recruited David Sanders, a younger surgeon already experienced and specialised in hernia surgery, to assist in editing this book. Although the content is directed primarily at the specialist, individual chapters can be accessed to pro- vide important insights for other surgical disciplines and the non-specialist. Baton Rouge, LA, USA Karl A. LeBlanc Plymouth, UK Andrew Kingsnorth Barnstaple, UK David L. Sanders v Preface for First Edition (1988) Another book on hernia? Well, not quite! My intention was to produce a neat practical book on hernia, not an exhaustive text. But a book about hernias would be incomplete without mention of the past; hence, the ‘practical book’ has become encrusted with history and anecdote, and conceivably the book is more readable for this. Almost all the material included has already been published elsewhere—the skeleton is the section on hernia in the current edition of Rob and Smith’s Operative Surgery, also published by Butterworths, whereas other parts have appeared in The Lancet, the British Journal of Surgery, the Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, Surgery, Surgical Review I and Recent Advances. The work on econom- ics and administration has appeared in The Lancet, the Health and Social Service Journal, vari- ous Department of Health publications and, most importantly, the Royal College of Surgeons of England Guidelines for Day Case Surgery (1985). I am grateful to the respective editors and authorities for permission to reproduce from these articles and in some cases to expand them. Hernias, their complications and their man- agement continue to use much surgical resources; repair of a groin hernia is the commonest operation in males and the third commonest operation in British hospitals. Sadly, the results of hernia surgery are still far from ideal. Long hospitalisation spells, perioperative complica- tions and, above all, unacceptable recurrence rates disfigure our surgical audit. Practically every book about hernias reiterates the cliché that too often the repair of a hernia is under- taken by the inexperienced or infrequent operator—the statement has added cogency in an era of healthcare cost containment and computerised medical records. It is now easy to compare durations of stay and complication rates and then, using record linkage, to identify the recurrence receiving treatment elsewhere some years later. You no longer need a surgical training to undertake this accounting of results! The results of hernia repair are improved by specialisation. The Shouldice Clinic in Toronto dictates the gold standard. The anatomical variations and technical difficulties of hernia surgery are such that the advisability of spe- cialist hernia units, similar to the regional cardiothoracic units in the National Health Service, merits consideration. Whereas we can debate whether primary hernia repair should remain in the province of the ‘general surgeon’, recurrent and incisional hernia repairs demand extra skills and such cases should always be referred to experts. The prevention of iatrogenic, incisional hernia should be a priority for abdominal surgeons and gynaecologists, yet in all series of incisional hernioplasties, surgeon failure at the initial operation is often well documented. The use of inappropriate suture material, sloppy technique, haematoma and sepsis are the all too frequent progenitors of the troublesome incisional hernia. In setting out my stall, 20 years’ experience of hernia surgery, I acknowledge the influence of teachers, particularly the late Frederick Gill, PRCSI, who persuaded me to make myself a surgeon; Austin Marsden, FRCS, who convinced me there is a hernia problem; and Sir Hugh (Lyn) Lockhart-Mummery who taught me so much about surgical technique and its gentleness. To these gentlemen I owe a major debt. Caroline Doig, Allan Kark, Nick Barwell, James Bourke and Frank Glassow have all shared their experience and interest in hernia surgery with me. Percy Payne and vii viii Preface for First Edition (1988) Maurice Down have explained all about trusses and demonstrated these appliances to me. Above all, these two gentlemen told me much of the history of British hernia surgery which has corrected my perspective of the recent past. My colleagues in Stockton-on-Tees and in the North East have referred many of the more complex hernias to me, hernias that have presented technical challenges but afforded me new insights into the anatomy and pathology of hernia. Former junior colleagues have contributed greatly; P. Tiwari, Ranu Singh, A. K. Sahay, Dirk Muller, Denis Quill, Peter Gillen and Bruce Waxman deserve a mention. Permanent members of our department who have a major impact on my perception of hernia surgery include Laurence Rosenberg and Greg Rubin. Mary Fell has undertaken all our socio-economic interviewing and managed all our research into these fields. Irene Anderson has checked references and done a myriad of secretarial tasks. Elizabeth Clemo and her staff at North Tees Medical Library have undertaken all the library searches. The libraries of the Royal Society of Medicine and the Royal College of Surgeons of England have tracked down all the more difficult and obscure books I needed. Alexandra Maclean kindly checked and indexed the references for me. The photographic work has been done by Ken Watson. Peter Gill and Elizabeth Dillon have undertaken numerous X-ray and ultrasound examinations of hernias for me over the years, and both deserve my particular thanks. Angus McNay and Katherine Denham have helped me with statistical problems. I thank Ron Lawler for the photomicrographs at the Department of Medical Photography at North Tees. The artwork is by Gillian Lee, and it has been a great pleasure to work with her. Surgery books are nothing without artwork; Gillian has put as much into this venture as I have. John Lunn advised me about anaesthesia and persuaded me about other aspects of hernia surgery and surgical audit. Former regis- trars have assisted me very generously in preparing the various drafts of the text: Simon Raimes, Nigel Fox, Stewart Nicholson, Tom Keane and Paul Stuart deserve my special thanks for their patience and tolerance in that task. The main burden of turning all this into a book has fallen to Julie Davies. She has painstakingly converted all my handwriting into neat typescript, word processed this and finalised the ultimate manuscript. Books need publishers and sub-editors; Butterworths have supported and encouraged me throughout the enterprise. My particular thanks go to John Harrison and to Bob Pearson for all the work they have undertaken. Lastly, and most importantly, my personal secretary, Anne Lindsley, has kept our surgical service on the road despite my involvement in this project. To all of these colleagues, and to many others, I must express my thanks for their help and enthusiasm. Note on Terminology. Hernia repair, herniotomy, herniorrhaphy and hernioplasty are terms that are almost but not quite interchangeable. Herniotomy (Gk temnein, to cut), herniorrhaphy (Gk rhaphe, a seam) and hernioplasty (Gk plassein, to mould) connote slightly different mean- ings. Herniotomy is appropriate to the inguinal operation in children only and I have used it solely in that context. Otherwise, sometimes herniorrhaphy or sometimes hernioplasty is cor- rect, but to switch terms about within the book makes reading difficult. I have, therefore, set- tled for hernioplasty throughout, perhaps realising that effective hernia surgery requires all the skills of tissue handling and repair that plastic surgeons so rightly emphasise. Stockton-on-Tees, UK H. Brendan Devlin Preface for Second Edition (1998) This second edition reflects the rapidly changing world of hernia surgery since 1988. A new, younger author has participated fully in this new edition. Three events have precipitated the need for a new edition: the concept of the ‘tension-free’ repair introduced by Irving Lichtenstein, the revolution caused by the laparoscope and the increased role of economics in the contempo- rary cost-constrained healthcare system. The realisation from the work of Raymond Read, that underlying most, or all, abdominal wall hernias is a defect in the fascia transversalis and that this layer needs replacing, is the seminal advance of replacement by prosthetic mesh intro- duced by Lichtenstein. This has very important messages for hernia surgeons. Incorporation of this concept into everyday practice is a powerful reason why a new book about hernias is needed. The new biocompatible plastic meshes and the widespread adoption of mesh replace- ment repairs in hernia surgery is an important, almost revolutionary, development of contem- porary surgery. The laparoscope and its need for a role has captured patients’ and surgeons’ imaginations and required some overview of the use of this tool in hernia repair. Coupled with this, added cogency has been given to questions of cost and outcomes in evaluation of laparo- scopic surgery. The laparoscope makes this new edition inevitable. There is now a consensus that money will always be limited for surgery and surgeons must perforce adopt cost-efficient and cost-effective surgery. These important conclusions are spelt out in the (Revised) Guidelines for Day Case Surgery issued by the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1992. Above all, this new edition has benefitted from the resurgence of interest in the age-old problem of hernia surgery. The authors’ friendship and conversations with many hernia surgeons worldwide are reflected in this new text. European surgeons Kark, Schumpelick, Paul, Nilsson, Stoppa and Kux; transatlantic surgeons Wantz, Gilbert, Skandalakis, Bendavid, Alexander and Rutkow; Indian surgeons Sahay, Doctor and Rajan; and many others worldwide have all indirectly participated in this work. In this second edition, the artwork is again drawn by Gillian Lee. It has been an enormous pleasure for both of us to work with her. Elizabeth Clemo and the librarians at North Tees General Hospital and Tina Craig and Michelle Gunning of the Library, Royal College of Surgeons of England, have always very willingly helped find different texts for us. Our secre- taries Valerie Peel and Jill Laurence have worked fabulously to put the manuscript into shape. Our publishers, especially Nick Dunton, have been a great support throughout the whole ven- ture. Doreen Ramage, our senior production editor, has patiently guided us throughout; we thank her particularly. Finally, we have written the book together, so whatever its faults and omissions they are our failings alone. Stockton-on-Tees, UK H. Brendan Devlin Plymouth, UK Andrew N. Kingsnorth ix Preface for Third Edition (2003) The first edition of this book was a monograph written by the late H. Brendan Devlin and was a landmark in the scientific analysis of surgery of the abdominal wall, which discarded many of the older out-of-date concepts. We are heavily indebted to Brendan not only for providing the basis for this text but also for the inspiration to follow along a line of inquiry for evidence- based material to present to our readers. At the same time we have not neglected the impor- tance of historical and economic aspects of hernia surgery and some of our own personal views. Andrew Kingsnorth assisted Brendan in writing the second edition of this book, and Karl Le Blanc now adds an entirely new perspective from North America with particular emphasis on the use of prosthetic materials and laparoscopic techniques. We have thoroughly revised and added to all the chapters resulting in an increase in material of approximately 50% and the addition of hundreds more up-to-date references. We have also provided the reader with clear line drawings of operative techniques, photographs and several short video clips on CD. This extra effort should allow the reader the ability to adopt and apply much of the information and operative techniques that are presented. The technological revolution that began a decade ago, and still continues to evolve, has therefore been fully recognised in this text which we believe will appeal to surgeons in training and those already experienced in managing abdominal wall hernias. It is hoped that this work will be an effective reference to all those that possess this book. Plymouth, UK Andrew N. Kingsnorth Baton Rouge, LA, USA Karl A. LeBlanc xi Preface for Fourth Edition (2013) The literature in hernia surgery is vast, and keeping abreast of developments is a never-ending task that one or two individuals may find difficult to fit into their daily routine. With this in mind, for the fourth edition of this book, we have recruited selected experts to write each chap- ter, so that a ray of discerning knowledge is beamed into each crevice of the hernia story to create a comprehensive and authoritative text. A detailed description of the anatomy of the abdominal wall is of utmost importance and a primary concern for planning all hernia opera- tions. Recent technical developments will influence our decision making now and in the future. More training is needed to increase awareness of a large number of prosthetic meshes, innova- tive plastic procedures and the appropriate use of biologic meshes. Each requires a thorough knowledge of the literature and outcomes research rather than the mere use of a technique or product because it is new and ‘seems like a good idea’. The long-term outcomes of our patients are now an area of important consideration and can no longer be overlooked in the discussion of consent prior to surgery. This discussion includes the issue of postoperative pain, quality of life, recurrence rates and cosmesis. Hernia science is a relatively new specialty, and its future will be defined by the introduction of ‘physiologic’ repairs and the prosthetic meshes used. Biologic products may be used for tissue replacement, for tissue reinforcement or simply as a ‘bridge’ to synthetic materials that will perform as good as or better than the biologic materials. This text strives to introduce these concepts and to educate readers about the current state of the art in hernia surgery and to prepare them for future considerations of which we should all be aware at this point. Plymouth, UK Andrew N. Kingsnorth Baton Rouge, LA, USA Karl A. LeBlanc xiii