Malayan Chinese and China SELECT BOOKS i9 Tanglm Road f 03-15 TangNn Stopping Centre Singapore 247909 Tel (65) 67321515 Fax (65) 67360855 Emai: [email protected] -sg hBpV/wwwseleabooks com_sg Malayan Chinese and China Conversion in Identity Consciousness, 1945-1957 FUJIOHARA SINGAPORE UNIVERSITY PRESS NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE © 2003 Singapore University Press Yusof Ishak House, NUS 31 Lower Kent Ridge Road Singapore 119078 Fax: (65)6774-0652 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.nus.edu.sg/sup ISBN 9971-69-265-1 (Paper) All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. First published in Japan by Institute of Developing Economies. © Institute of Developing Economies 1997 Printed by: Photoplates Pte Ltd Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1 China-Related Public Gatherings and Their Participating Groups 12 2 Chinese-Language Newspapers in Malaya 43 3 The Role of the Consulates 53 4 Chinese Government Policy toward Overseas Chinese 78 Conclusion 98 Appendix 1 105 Appendix 2 116 Glossary 140 Personal Names 152 Bibliography 156 Index 162 Malaya and British Borneo ^Perils ^^Kangar Province Alor Setar# KotaBharu Wellesley \ Kedah Sungai Patani Butterworth^* Georgetown SSj'^Kulim Kuala — T sd g vyp * Terengganu Kuala Dungun Pankor Island Teluk Anson —— . j^ b (now Tcluk Intan)> x ^ « Sdangor } •Bentun| Mcntakab Kuala Selangor* Kuala ^ampur Temerioh Kelangl. ! Kuala.Pilah Seranb“ ^ Ä ^ w i i Tampin ^^iv(alacca ^ V ^crsing Malacc^v Johor Keluans Muarf _ • Kota Tinggi Batu Pahat Johor Bahnii (Jesselton, now Kota Kinabalu) Tawau V Note on the Romanlzation of Chinese Names (1) Personal names: The local Malaysian or Singaporean way of romanization has been used in this book. Only when not available, is pinyin spelling used. For instance, Tan Kah Kee is used rather than Chen Jia Geng. (2) Place names: Pinyin has been used, i.e., Nanjing, Fujian, and Guangdong rather than Nanking, Hokkien, and Kwangtung. (3) Clan-association names: In principle, the associations' own inscriptions have been used. If these have not been available, the place name of the association has usu­ ally been written in pinyin. The personal-names list at the back of the book shows the the name of each person in local (when available) and pinyin romanization as well as in Chinese characters. The glossary at the back provides the translated English names, the thorough pinyin spellings, and the Chinese characters of the important organizations. Acknowledgments This book is fundamentally a result of my research conducted when I was attached to the History Department, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of the University of Malaya as a visiting researcher between 1987 and 1989. During that time I was usually seated either at the Central Library of the university or at the Arkib Negara Malaysia (Malaysian National Archives) reading various historical documents. I am very grateful to the staff of these three institutions. During my stay in Kuala Lumpur, I visited Singapore a few times in order to get relevant information which was not available in Kuala Lumpur. In Singapore I was especially obliged to a prominent historian, Mr. Chui Kwei Chiang, who was affiliated with the Chinese Language and Research Centre of the National University of Singapore at that time. He kindly taught me the whereabouts of the necessary materials including the Nan Chiau Jit Pao and the Zhan You Bao (Combatants’ Friend). I also want to thank the staff of the microfilm section of the National University of Singapore Central Library who kindly allowed me read its invaluable collection of Malayan newspa­ pers. During my stay in Malaysia I was also given an opportunity to visit Britain for two weeks. There I rushed to read documents kept at the Public Record Office as well as at the British Library. I appreciate the kind service provided there, including sending photostat copies to me after I returned to Kuala Lumpur. All the chapters contained in this book were first published in a Japanese- X ACKNOWLEDGMENTS language book entitled Tönan Ajia kakyö to Chügoku [Southeast Asian Chi­ nese and China], edited by Hara (IDE, 1993). For this English version, some portions have been revised and supplemented. In the editing of this book, I am deeply indebted to two staff members of the IDE, namely Ms. Akiko Akemine and Mr. Yukio Saito. I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. William L. Swan, Mr. John Wisnom, and Mr. Tadatoshi Higashizono for their efforts in translating this work. I would like to believe that this study stands firmly on historical facts. Nevertheless there most likely are still points that can be disputed. I would greatly appreciate any corrections or further suggestions.