Making Strategic Spatial Plans Making Strategic Spatial Plans INNOVATION IN EUROPE Edited by Patsy Healey University of Newcastle upon Tyne Abdul Khakee University of Umea Alain Motte University of Aix-Marseille Barrie Needham University of Nijmegen © Patsy Healey, Abdul Khakee, Alain Motte, Barrie Needham and contributors 1997 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved. First published in 1997 by UCL Press UCL Press Limited 1 Gunpowder Square London EC4A 3DE and 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101 Bristol Pennsylvania 19007–1598 USA This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” The name of University College London (UCL) is a registered trade mark used by UCL Press with the consent of the owner. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available ISBN 0-203-45150-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-45873-7 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBNs: 1-85728-663-4 (Print Edition) HB 1-85728-664-2 (Print Edition) PB Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders for their permission to reprint material in this book. The publishers would be grateful to hear from any copyright holder who is not here acknowledged and will undertake to rectify any errors or omissions in future editions of this book. CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii List of contributors ix PART I 1 The revival of strategic spatial planning in Europe 3 Patsy Healey 2 An institutionalist approach to spatial planning 20 Patsy Healey PART II 3 A plan of hope and glory An example of development planning in Denmark 38 after Maastricht Ib Jørgensen, Finn Kjærsdam, Jan Nielsen 4 Building strategic urban planning in France The Lyon urban area 1981–93 57 experiments Alain Motte 5 Images as institution builders Metropolitan planning in Madrid 75 Michael Neuman 6 Building new institutions for strategic planning Transforming Lisbon into the 92 Atlantic capital of Europe Lia T.Vasconcelos & Arminda C.Reis 7 Plan-making in the Zürich region 111 Hellmut Ringli 8 Strategic development planning in western Norway Hordaland County and 129 the City of Bergen Arild Holt-Jensen 9 Rhetoric and reality in British structure planning in Lancashire, 1993–5 146 Simin Davoudi, Patsy Healey, Angela Hull 10 A plan with a purpose The regional plan for the province of Friesland, 1994 164 Barrie Needham 11 Working in a democratic culture Structure planning in Marks Kommun 181 Abdul Khakee 12 Community to communication The Schema Strutturale per la provincia di 197 Grosseto, 1990—designing strategies Alessandro Vignozzi PART III 13 The institutional relations of plan-making 218 Alain Motte 14 Agenda-setting in European spatial planning 238 Abdul Khakee 15 Planning strategies and planning methods 251 Barrie Needham 16 Strategic plan-making and building institutional capacity 264 Patsy Healey, Abdul Khakee, Alain Motte, Barrie Needham Index 278 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book has been the product of a collaboration not only between the various authors whose work is in the book. It has also greatly benefited from the critical contributions of others who attended the workshops, and in particular, Andreas Faludi, Luigi Mazza, Alex Fubini, Pekka Virtanen, Hartmut Dieterich, Louis Albrechts, Tim Shaw and Dick Williams. We would also like to thank those who acted as hosts to our workshops at the University of Newcastle, the University of Nijmegen and the Catholic University of Leuven, and NIPOS (Nijmeegs Instituut von Planning en Ongeveingsstudies) and the Tyne and Wear Development Corporation for financial support. Our thanks to Bret Fleming for help with graphics, to Richard Newton for proof-reading the text, to Jill Connolly for helping with organizing the seminars and managing the to-and-from process as we edited the chapters. Thanks also to Susan Smith and Yasmin Ibrahim for efficient last-minute secretarial help. We have also appreciated the advice of Roger Jones, our publisher. Individual authors would also like to make specific acknowledgements. Michael Neuman thanks the Carfax Publishing Company for permission to reproduce Figures 5.1 and 5.2 from European Planning Studies 4(3), pp. 302 and 305. Lia Vasconcelos and Arminda Reis thank RISCO for supplying the urban fringe model figure used in Figure 6.4. (from Câmara Municipal de Lisboa (CML), 1993b). CONTRIBUTORS Simin Davoudi has been researching in various aspects of planning systems and urban policy for many years. Her main interest is in policy processes in relation to strategic planmaking, environmental sustainability and urban regeneration. Her publications include: Rebuilding the city (co-editor; Spon, 1992), Managing cities (co-editor, John Wiley, 1995) and several journal articles and book chapters on development plans and urban regeneration. She is currently a lecturer in the Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, 22 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0QB. Patsy Healey has been researching in planning theory and planning practice for many years. She is particularly interested in the relation between communicative approaches in planning theory, the political economy of urban region dynamics and the relation with the policy processes and substantive contents of spatial planning practices. She has published extensively on these issues, including Local plans in British land use planning (Pergamon 1983), Land use planning and the mediation of urban change (with McNamara, Elson and Doak; Cambridge University Press, 1988), Managing cities (with Cameron, Davoudi, Graham and Madani Pour as co-editors; John Wiley, 1995), Negotiating development (with Purdue and Ennis; Spon, London 1995), and Collaborative planning: shaping places in fragmented societies (Macmillan 1997). She is currently director of the Centre for Research in European Urban Environments at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle NE1 7RU. Arild Holt-Jensen received his MA in geography in 1963 on a regional study of the mountain commune Rauland in Telemark, which was further elaborated to a high mountain recreational plan. He received his doctorate in 1986 on a study of the effects of comprehensive planning on settlement and population development in 17 municipalities in the Kristiansand area of Norway. He has published textbooks in geography and has worked on environmental planning and management of national parks and related reserves. He has actively participated in local politics for the Liberal Party as member of Bergen City Council and chairman of Landaas Township Council. He is currently Professor of Geography at the University of Bergen, with special responsibility for the courses in local and regional planning, Department of Geography, Breiviken 2, 5035 Bergen, Sandviken, Norway. Angela Hull has been researching in various aspects of regulatory systems and mechanisms over the last few years having spent the first part of her career as a planning practitioner. She is particularly interested in the relation between government intervention, urban region institutional capacity and spatial impacts. Her recent published work includes articles and book chapters on strategic planning, institutional relations, information diffusion in regulatory systems, and renewable energy policies. She is currently a lecturer in the Department of Town and Country Planning at the University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU.