Making America This page intentionally left blank Fifth Edition Making America A H I S T O RY O F T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S V O L U M E 2 : S I N C E 1 8 6 5 Carol Berkin Baruch College,City University of New York Christopher L. Miller The University of Texas—Pan American Robert W. Cherny San Francisco State University James L. Gormly Washington and Jefferson College Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York Publisher: Suzanne Jeans Senior Sponsoring Editor: Ann West Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates Senior Development Editor: Lisa Kalner Williams Senior Project Editor: Bob Greiner Art and Design Manager: Jill Haber Cover Design Director: Anthony L. Saizon Senior Photo Editor: Jennifer Meyer Dare Senior Composition Buyer: Chuck Dutton New Title Project Manager: James Lonergan Editorial Assistant: Evangeline Bermas Marketing Associate: Lauren Bussard Editorial Assistant: Laura Collins Cover Art: Derek Buckner,Overpass#2, 2005. Oil over Acrylic on Panel 22 x 29 inches. © 2005 Derek Buckner. Text Credits: p. 586: Map 19.1 from David Kennedy, et al. The American Pageant,Eleventh Edition, copyright ©1998 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted with permission; p. 693: “I, Too” from Collected Poemsby Langston Hughes. Copyright ©1994 by the estate of Langston Hughes. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; p. 715: Excerpts from Middletown: AStudy in American Cultureby Robert S. Lynd and Helen M. Lynd (Harcourt, Inc., 1929). Copyright ©1929 by Harcourt, Inc., and renewed 1957 by Robert S. and Helen M. Lynd, reprinted by permission of the publisher, pp. 137, 138, 266, 267, 268; p. 843: Menu reprinted with permission of McDonald’s Corporation; pp. 872–873: Excerpt reprinted from The Massachusetts Review,©1966 The Massachusetts Review, Inc.; p. 922: Map 29.2 from Norton. APeople and ANa- tion,Fifth Edition, copyright ©1998 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission; p. 926: Map 29.3 from David Kennedy, et al. The American Pageant,Eleventh Edition, copyright ©1998 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted with permission; p. 953: Map 30.2 from David Kennedy, et al., The American Pageant,Twelfth Edition. Copyright ©2002 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Used with permission; p. 948: Figure 30.2 copyright ©2001 by The New York Times. Reprinted with permission. Copyright ©2008 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage of retrieval system without the prior written permission by federal copyright law. Address inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA02116-3764. Printed in the U.S.A. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2007933591 Instructor’s exam copy: ISBN-10: 0-547-05264-2 ISBN-13: 978-0-547-05264-9 For orders, use student text ISBNs: ISBN-10: 0-618-99460-2 ISBN-13: 978-0-618-99460-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9—DOW—11 10 09 08 07 a Brief Contents 15 Reconstruction: High Hopes and Shattered Dreams, 1865–1877 434 16 An Industrial Order Emerges, 1865–1880 466 17 Becoming an Urban Industrial Society, 1880–1890 504 18 Conflict and Change in the West, 1865–1902 544 19 Economic Crash and Political Upheaval, 1890–1900 576 20 The Progressive Era, 1900–1917 610 21 The United States in a World at War, 1913–1920 648 22 Prosperity Decade, 1920–1928 680 23 The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929–1939 718 24 America’s Rise to World Leadership, 1929–1945 748 25 Truman and Cold War America, 1945–1952 786 26 Quest for Consensus, 1952–1960 816 27 Great Promises, Bitter Disappointments, 1960–1968 846 28 America Under Stress, 1967–1976 876 29 Facing Limits, 1976–1992 904 30 Entering a New Century, 1992–2007 934 v This page intentionally left blank a Contents Maps xv Railroad Development and Corruption 457 Features xvii The End of Reconstruction 458 Preface xix The “New Departure” 458 ANote for the Students: Your Guide to The 1872 Presidential Election 458 Making America xxv The Politics of Terror: The About the Authors xxxi “Mississippi Plan” 459 The Compromise of 1877 460 After Reconstruction 462 15 Reconstruction:High Hopes and • Individual Voices: AFreedman Offers His Shattered Dreams,1865–1877 434 Former Master a Proposition 463 • Summary 464 • ANote from the Author 434 • In the Wider World 465 • Individual Choices: Andy Anderson 434 • In the United States 465 Introduction 436 Residential Reconstruction 437 16 An Industrial Order Emerges,1865–1880 466 Republican War Aims 437 Lincoln’s Approach to Reconstruction: • ANote from the Author 466 “With Malice Toward None” 438 • Individual Choices: Frank Roney 467 Abolishing Slavery Forever: The Thirteenth Amendment 439 Introduction 468 Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction 440 Foundation for Industrialization 468 The Southern Response: Minimal Compliance 442 Resources, Skills, and Capital 469 Freedom and the Legacy of Slavery 442 The Transformation of Agriculture 470 Defining the Meaning of Freedom 442 The Impact of War and new Government Policies 472 Creating Communities 443 Overview: The Economy from the Civil Land and Labor 444 War to World War I 472 White Southerners: Confronting Change 446 Railroads and Industry 474 Congressional Reconstruction 448 Railroad Expansion 474 Challenging Presidential Reconstruction 448 Railroads: Model for Big Business 476 The Civil Rights Act of 1866 449 Chicago: Railroad Metropolis 478 Defining Citizenship: Andrew Carnegie and the Age of Steel 480 The Fourteenth Amendment 449 • It Matters Today: Vertical Integration 481 • It Matters Today: The Fourteenth Amendment 450 Survival of the Fittest or Robber Barons? 481 Radicals in Control 450 Workers in Industrial America 483 Political Terrorism and the Election of 1868 451 The Transformation of Work 484 Voting Rights and Civil Rights 452 Workers for Industry 484 Black Reconstruction 453 Craft Unionism—and Its Limits 486 The Republican Party in the South 454 Politics: Parties, Spoils, Scandals, and Stalemate 487 Creating an Educational System and Fighting Discrimination 456 Parties, Conventions, and Patronage 488 vii viii Contents Republicans and Democrats 489 New Cities of Skyscrapers and Streetcars 522 Grant’s Troubled Presidency: Spoils Building an Urban Infrastructure 524 and Scandals 491 The New Urban Geography 524 President Rutherford B. Hayes and the “How the Other Half Lives” 525 Politics of Stalemate 492 New Patterns of Urban Life 526 Challenges to Politics as Usual: Grangers, The New Middle Class 526 Greenbackers, and Silverites 493 Ferment in Education 527 The Great Railway Strike of 1877 and the Federal Response 495 Redefining Gender Roles 529 The United States and the World, 1865–1880 496 • It Matters Today: The WCTU and Woman Outside the United States 531 Alaska, Canada, and the Alabama Claims 496 Emergence of a Gay and The United States and Latin America 497 Lesbian Subculture 531 Eastern Asia and the Pacific 498 The Politics of Stalemate 532 • Individual Voices: Andrew Carnegie The Presidencies of Garfield and Arthur 532 Explains the Gospel of Wealth 500 Reforming the Spoils System 533 • Summary 501 Cleveland and the Democrats 533 • In the Wider World 502 The Mixed Blessings of Urban • In the United States 503 Machine Politics 536 Challenging the Male Bastion: 17 Becoming an Urban Industrial Society, Woman Suffrage 537 1880–1890 504 Structural Change and Policy Change 539 The United States and the World, 1880–1889 540 • ANote from the Author 504 • Individual Voices: Nikola Tesla Explores the • Individual Choices: Nikola Tesla 505 Problems of Energy Resources and World Peace 541 Introduction 506 • Summary 542 Expansion of the Industrial Economy 506 • In the Wider World 542 Standard Oil: Model for Monopoly 506 • In the United States 543 Thomas Edison and the Power of Innovation 508 18 Conflict and Change in the West, Selling to the Nation 509 1865–1902 544 Railroads, Investment Bankers, and “Morganization” 511 • ANote from the Author 544 Economic Concentration in • Individual Choices: María Amparo Ruiz Consumer-Goods Industries 512 de Burton 545 Laying an Economic Base for a New South 512 Introduction 546 Organized Labor in the 1880s 514 War for the West 546 The Knights of Labor 514 The Plains Indians 546 1886: Turning Point for Labor 515 The Plains Wars 549 Uniting the Craft Unions: The Last Indian Wars 551 The American Federation of Labor 516 Transforming the West: Mormons, Cowboys, New Americans from Europe 516 and Sodbusters 553 AFlood of Immigrants 517 Zion in the Great Basin 553 Hyphenated America 518 Cattle Kingdom on the Plains 554 Nativism 520 Plowing the Plains 555 The New Urban America 521 Transforming the West: Railroads, Mining, Surging Urban Growth 521 Agribusiness, Logging, and Finance 557 Contents ix Western Railroads 558 Political Realignment: The Presidential Election of 1896 591 Western Mining 559 The Failure of the Divided Democrats 591 The Birth of Western Agribusiness 560 The 1896 Election: Bryan Versus McKinley, Logging in the Pacific Northwest 560 Silver Versus Protection 593 Western Metropolis: San Francisco 561 After 1896: The New Republican Majority 594 Water Wars 562 Stepping into World Affairs: Harrison • It Matters Today: Western Water and and Cleveland 595 Global Warming 562 Building a Navy 596 Ethnicity and Race in the West 563 ANew American Mission? 596 Immigrants to the Golden Mountain 563 Revolution in Hawai’i 597 Forced Assimilation 565 Crises in Latin America 598 Mexican Americans in the Southwest 567 Striding Boldly in World Affairs: McKinley, The West in American Thought 569 War, and Imperialism 599 The West as Utopia and Myth 569 McKinley and War 600 The Frontier and the West 570 The “Splendid Little War” 600 • Individual Voices: Helen Hunt Jackson The Treaty of Paris 602 Appeals for Justice for the Mission Indians of Republic or Empire: The Election of 1900 604 Southern California (1883) 572 Organizing an Insular Empire 604 • Summary 574 The Open Door and the Boxer Rebellion • In the Wider World 574 in China 605 • In the United States 575 • Individual Voices: William Allen White Asks, “What’s the Matter with Kansas?” 607 19 Economic Crash and Political Upheaval, • Summary 608 1890–1900 576 • In the Wider World 608 • In the United States 609 • ANote from the Author 576 • Individual Choices: Mary Elizabeth Lease 577 20The Progressive Era,1900–1917 610 Introduction 578 Political Upheaval: The People’s Party 578 • ANote from the Author 610 The Origins of the People’s Party 578 • Individual Choices: Theodore Roosevelt 611 The People’s Party 579 Introduction 612 Political Upheaval, part two: The Politics of Organizing for Change 612 Race and Nativism 580 The Changing Face of Politics 612 The Second Mississippi Plan and the Atlanta Compromise 581 “Spearheads for Reform”: The Settlement Houses 613 The Politics of Nativism 583 Women and Reform 614 Political Upheaval, part three: The Failure of the Republicans 584 Moral Reform 617 Harrison and the Fifty-first Congress 584 Racial Issues 618 • It Matters Today: The Defeat of the Lodge Bill 585 Challenging Capitalism: Socialists and Wobblies 619 The Elections of 1890 and 1892 585 The Reform of Politics, the Politics Economic Collapse and Restructuring 587 of Reform 620 Economic Collapse and Depression 587 Exposing Corruption: The Muckrakers 620 Labor on the Defensive: Homestead Reforming City Government 622 and Pullman 589 Saving the Future 623 The “Merger Movement” 591