Making America This page intentionally left blank VOLUME 1: TO 1877 Making America A History of the United States Brief Fifth Edition Carol Berkin Baruch College, City University of New York Christopher L. Miller The University of Texas—Pan American Robert W. Cherny San Francisco State University James L. Gormly Washington and Jefferson College Douglas Egerton Le Moyne College Kelly Woestman Pittsburg State University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Making America: A History of the © 2011, 2001, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning United States, Volume 1: To 1877, Brief Fifth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used Carol Berkin, Christopher L. Miller, Robert W. in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, Cherny, James L. 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Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09 Brief Contents 1 1 Making a “New World,” to 1588 2 26 A Continent on the Move, 1400–1725 3 49 Founding the English Mainland Colonies, 1585–1721 4 74 The English Colonies in the Eighteenth Century, 1689–1763 5 98 Deciding Where Loyalties Lie, 1763–1776 6 123 Recreating America: Independence and a New Nation, 1775–1783 7 147 Competing Visions of the Virtuous Republic, 1770–1796 8 172 The Early Republic, 1796–1804 9 195 Increasing Confl ict and War, 1805–1815 10 220 The Rise of a New Nation, 1815–1836 11 246 The Great Transformation: Growth and Expansion, 1828–1848 12 270 Responses to the Great Transformation, 1828–1848 13 297 Sectional Confl ict and Shattered Union, 1848–1860 14 324 A Violent Choice: Civil War, 1861–1865 15 351 Reconstruction: High Hopes and Shattered Dreams, 1865–1877 v This page intentionally left blank Contents Maps xv 2 A Continent on the Move, xvii Features 1400–1725 26 xxi Preface INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Bartolomé de Las Casas 26 A Note for the Students: Your Guide to Making America xxvii The New Europe and the Atlantic World 28 29 Spanish Expansion in America xxix About the Authors 30 Dreams of an English Eden 31 The Decline of Spanish Power European Empires in America 32 34 1 The Troubled Spanish Colonial Empire Making a “New” World, to 1588 1 34 The Dutch Enterprise INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Hienwatha 1 INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Las Casas 35 Debates Indian Rights, 1550 A World of Change 3 IT MATTERS TODAY: The Felt Hat Fad 37 4 American Origins 37 The French Presence in America IT MATTERS TODAY: Native Americans Shape a New World 5 Indians and the European Challenge 39 39 Change and Restlessness in the The Indian Frontier in New Spain Atlantic World 6 INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Complex World of Indian America 6 The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 41 41 INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Indian World in the Southeast The Origin of the League of Peace 9 The Indian World in the Northeast 42 A World of Change in Africa 11 The New Indian World of the Plains 43 INVESTIGATING AMERICA: A Moroccan Conquest and Accommodation in 13 Visits Sub-Saharan Africa a Shared New World 44 Exploiting Atlantic Opportunities 14 New Spain’s Northern Frontiers 45 45 The Portuguese, Africa, and The Dutch Settlements Plantation Slavery 14 Life in French Louisiana 46 15 The Continued Quest for Asian Trade Summary 47 16 A New Transatlantic World The Challenges of Mutual Discovery 17 17 A Meeting of Minds in America INVESTIGATING AMERICA: 3 18 Founding the English Mainland Columbus Meets the Tiano The Columbian Exchange 19 Colonies, 1585–1732 49 21 New Worlds in Africa and America INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Nathaniel Bacon 49 22 A New World in Europe IT MATTERS TODAY: Grassroots Summary 25 Movements: Then and Now 51 vii viii Contents England and Colonization 51 Community and Work in Colonial Society 77 52 77 England’s First Attempts at Colonization The Emergence of the “Yankee” 52 78 Turmoil and Tensions in England Planter Society and Slavery 79 Settling the Chesapeake 53 Slave Experience and Slave Culture 54 INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Jamestown Colony 80 56 Eliza Lucas at Wappoo, 1740s Maryland: A Catholic Refuge 82 56 The Urban Culture of the Middle Colonies Troubles on the Chesapeake 83 57 Life in the Backcountry Colonial Chesapeake Life INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Nathaniel Conflicts Among the Colonists 84 58 84 Bacon’s “Declaration of the People” Slave Revolts, North and South 85 New England: Colonies of Dissenters 59 Clashes Between the Rich and the Poor 59 INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Plymouth Colony 86 The Stono Rebellion, 1739 INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Mayflower Compact 61 Reason and Religion in Colonial Society 87 61 87 Massachusetts Bay and Its Settlers The Impact of the Enlightenment 63 88 Government in Puritan Massachusetts Religion and Religious Institutions INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Great Awakening 88 65 Anne Hutchinson, 1637 INVESTIGATING AMERICA: 65 90 Indian Suppression George Whitefield, Sermon, 1740 Change and Reaction in England Government and Politics in the 66 and New England Mainland Colonies 91 The Pluralism of the Middle Colonies 68 Imperial Institutions and Policies 91 68 91 From New Netherland to New York Local Colonial Government 68 92 Leisler’s Rebellion Conflicting Views of the Assemblies 69 William Penn’s Holy Experiment North America and the Struggle for Empire 93 The Colonies of the Lower South 70 An Age of Imperial Warfare 94 70 95 The Carolina Colony The Great War for Empire 71 96 Georgia, the Last Colony The Outcomes of the Great War for Empire Summary 72 Summary 97 4 5 The English Colonies Deciding Where Loyalties Lie, in the Eighteenth Century, 1763–1776 98 1689–1763 74 INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Charles Inglis 98 INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Eliza Lucas Pinckney 74 IT MATTERS TODAY: The Right to Dissent 100 The English Transatlantic Victory’s New Problems 100 Communities of Trade 75 Dealing with Indian and French Regions of Commerce 76 Canadian Resistance 102 The Cords of Commercial Empire 76 Demanding More from the Colonists 102 103 IT MATTERS TODAY: Women’s The Colonial Response 77 104 Opportunities, Then and Now The Stamp Act 105 The Popular Response ix Contents 106 136 Political Debate Treason and Triumph 107 137 Repeal of the Stamp Act Winning Diplomatic Independence Asserting American Rights 108 Republican Expectations in a New Nation 138 108 139 The Townshend Acts and Colonial Protest The Protection of Fundamental Rights 109 139 The British Humiliated Legal Reforms 140 The Crisis Renewed 111 Women in the New Republic 111 INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Esther DeBerdt Disturbing the Peace of the Early 1770s 142 112 Reed on the Usefulness of Women, 1780 The Tea Act and the Tea Party 142 113 The War’s Impact on Slaves and Slavery The Intolerable Acts IT MATTERS TODAY: Tracking Creating a National Forum: The First 143 113 Changes in Gender Roles Continental Congress INVESTIGATING AMERICA: The Decision for Independence 114 George Washington on Black Loyalists, 1783 144 115 Taking Charge and Enforcing Policies Summary 145 116 The Shot Heard ‘Round the World 117 The Second Continental Congress 117 Declaring Independence INVESTIGATING AMERICA: 7 Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, 1776 118 Competing Visions 119 Declaring Loyalties of the Virtuous Republic, INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Charles Inglis’s 1770–1796 147 120 The True Interest of America, 1776 Summary 122 INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Mercy Otis Warren 147 America’s First Constitutions 149 IT MATTERS TODAY: Having a 150 Vision for the Future 150 6 The Articles of Confederation Re-creating America: Challenges to the Confederation 152 Independence and a 152 Depression and Financial Crisis New Nation, 1775–1783 123 The Northwest Ordinance 153 INDIVIDUAL CHOICES: Deborah Sampson 123 Diplomatic Problems 153 154 The First Two Years of War 124 A Farmers’ Revolt 125 INVESTIGATING AMERICA: Mercy Otis The Battle for Boston 155 Warren Criticizes Boston Citizens 126 Congress Creates an Army 155 The Revolt of the “Better Sort” 126 The British Strategy in 1776 127 Creating a New Constitution 156 Escape from New York 157 128 Revise or Replace? Winter Quarters and Winter Victories 158 128 Drafting an Acceptable Document Burgoyne’s New York Campaign Winter Quarters in 1777 130 Resolving the Conflict of Vision 159 159 Diplomacy Abroad and Profiteering at Home 131 The Ratification Controversy 161 131 The Federalist Victory The Long Road to Formal Recognition 161 132 President George Washington War and the American Public From Stalemate to Victory 133 Competing Visions Re-emerge 162 162 133 Unity’s Achievements The War Stalls in the North 163 134 Hamilton and Jefferson’s Differences The Second Carolinas Campaign