Make It a Green Peace! This page intentionally left blank Make It a Green Peace! The Rise of Countercultural Environmentalism FRANK ZELKO 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitt ed, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitt ed by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form, and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zelko, Frank S. Make it a green peace! : the rise of countercultural environmentalism / Frank Zelko. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-994708-9 1. Greenpeace International—History. 2. Environmental protection—Political aspects. 3. Antinuclear movement—History. 4. Environmentalism—History. 5. Counterculture—History. I. Title. TD169.Z45 2013 333.72—dc23 2012042260 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Ana and Stefan This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Acknowledgments i x Introduction 3 1. Speak Truth to Power 10 2. Th e Enemies of Anarchy 33 3. Th e Canadian Crucible 53 4. Don’t Make a Wave 78 5. Not a Protester in the Usual Sense 110 6. Mururoa, Mon Amour 131 7. Armless Buddhas vs. Carnivorous Nazis 161 8. Th e Reenchanted Whale 181 9. Stop Ahab 195 10. On Th in Ice 231 11. Blood and Death and Sex 249 12. Th e Paradox of Power: Th e Birth of Greenpeace International 275 Conclusion 315 Notes 3 23 Bibliography 3 57 Index 375 This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTS You know a project has taken too long when several of the people who deserve the most thanks did not live to see the fi nal product. Th is book could not have been writt en without the enthusiastic and cheerful cooperation of numerous former Greenpeace activists, many of whom not only allowed me to interview them and pore over various documents in their basements and att ics but also extended their warm hospitality, including food and drink and sometimes even a place to sleep. My cosmic gratitude goes out to the late Dorothy Stowe, Ben Metcalfe, Jim and Marie Bohlen, Bob Hunter, and David McTaggart. An earthly but no less heartfelt thank you to Patrick Moore, Paul Watson, Rod Marining, Rex Weyler, Robert O. Taunt III, Steve Sawyer, Kelly Rigg, David Tussman, Michael M’Gonigle, and numerous others who were willing to share their past with me, either through conversation, personal papers, or both. Th e Greenpeace offi ces in Washington, DC, Seatt le, San Francisco, Toronto, and Hamburg, in addition to the Greenpeace International offi ce in Amsterdam were kind enough to provide me with access to their archives and libraries. I would also like to thank the archivists and librarians who helped me fi nd useful materials at the City of Vancouver Archives, University of British Columbia Spe- cial Collections, Archives Canada in Ott awa, the Commonweal Collection at the University of Bradford, and the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Researching an organization whose archives and former members are scat- tered across several continents and located in some of the world’s more expen- sive cities was possible only through generous fi nancial support at various stages of the project. I am exceedingly grateful to the following institutions for their vital assistance: the Fulbright Program, the Aspen Institute Non-profi t Sector Research Fund, the German Academic Exchange Service, the German Histor- ical Institute in Washington, DC, the University of Queensland New Faculty Research Fund, the Max Planck Institute for History in Gött ingen, the Gerda ix