MAoC-ttlpgs 10,22.qx4 10/21/03 2:50 PM Page i M A AJOR CTS C OF ONGRESS congress Vol. 1 FM 10/22/03 7:24 PM Page ii E B DITORIAL OARD EDITORIAL BOARD Editor in Chief Brian K. Landsberg University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law Associate Editors Alfred L. Brophy University of Alabama School of Law Thomas O. Sargentich American University Washington College of Law Nancy C. Staudt Washington University School of Law MAoCv1-ttlpg 10,22.qx4 10/21/03 2:55 PM Page iii M A AJOR CTS C OF ONGRESS :VOLUME 1: ,A-E BRIAN K. LANDSBERG Editor in Chief congress Vol. 1 FM 10/22/03 7:24 PM Page iv Major Acts of Congress Brian K. Landsberg, Editor in Chief ©2004 by Macmillan Reference USA. Macmillan hereon may be reproduced or used in any form Permissions Hotline: Reference USA is an imprint of The Gale Group, or by any means—graphic, electronic, or 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253 ext. 8006 Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. mechanical, including photocopying, recording, Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 taping, Web distribution, or information stor- Macmillan Reference USA™ and Thomson age retrieval systems—without the written per- Cover photographs: Capital dome (PhotoDisc, Learning™ are trademarks used herein under mission of the publisher. Inc.); Civil rights march (National Archives and license. Records Administration); IRS paperwork For permission to use material from this prod- (PhotoDisc, Inc.); session of Congress For more information, contact Macmillan Ref- uct, submit your request via Web at (©AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by erence USA http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you permission). 300 Park Avenue South, 9th Floor may download our Permissions Request form New York, NY 10010 and submit your request by fax or mail to: Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all Or you can visit our Internet site at copyright notices, the acknowledgements con- http://www.gale.com Permissions Department stitute an extension of the copyright notice. The Gale Group, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 27500 Drake Road No part of this work covered by the copyright Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Major acts of Congress / Brian K. Landsberg, editor in chief. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-02-865749-7 (set hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865750-0 (v. 1 : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865751-9 (v. 2 : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865752-7 (v. 3 : alk. paper) 1. Law—United States—Encyclopedias. I. Landsberg, Brian K. KF154.M35 2004 348.73’22—dc22 200301874 This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN 0-02-865909-0 (set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 congress Vol. 1 FM 10/22/03 7:24 PM Page v E DITORIAL AND P S RODUCTION TAFF Jeff Galas, Project Editor Erin Bealmear, Joann Cerrito, Stephen Cusack, Mark Drouillard, Miranda Ferrara, Kristin Hart, Melissa Hill, Margaret Mazurkiewicz, Jennifer Wisinski, Editorial Assistants Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Lezlie Light, Michael Logusz, Kelly Quin, Imaging GGS Information Services (York, Pennsylvania), Tables Taryn Benbow-Pfalzgraf, Laurie Di Mauro, Jessica Hornik Evans, Anne Janette Johnson, William L. Peper, Copyeditors Deanna Raso, Photo Researcher Douglas Funk, Caption Writer Paula Kepos, Sidebar Writer, unless otherwise specified Taryn Benbow-Pfalzgraf, Nicolet Elert, Elizabeth Henry, Proofreaders Wendy Allex, Indexer Pamela A. E. Galbreath, Art Director Graphix Group (Fenton, Michigan), Compositor Margaret A. Chamberlain, Permissions Mary Beth Trimper, Manager, Composition Evi Seoud, Assistant Manager, Composition Rhonda Williams, Manufacturing MACMILLAN REFERENCE USA Jill Lectka, Director, Publishing Operations Hélène Potter, Director, New Product Development Frank Menchaca, Vice President and Publisher v congress Vol. 1 FM 10/22/03 7:24 PM Page vii C ONTENTS VOLUME 1 Atomic Energy Acts ............47 B Topic Outline................xiii Balanced Budget and Preface.....................xvii Emergency Deficit Introduction.................xxi Control Act (1985)..........51 List of Contributors ..........xxvii Bank of the United States (1791)....................53 A Bankruptcy Act of 1841.........57 Administrative Dispute Bankruptcy Act of 1978.........59 Resolution Act (1990)........1 Bland-Allison Act (1878)........64 Administrative Procedure Act (1946) .................3 Bonus Bill (1924)..............66 Age Discrimination in Born-Alive Infants Employment Act (1967)......6 Protection Act of 2002 ......68 Agricultural Adjustment Act Brady Handgun Violence (1933).....................9 Prevention Act (1993).......71 Aid to Dependent Children Bribery Act (1962) .............73 (1935)....................13 C Alaska Native Claims Central Intelligence Agency Settlement Act (1971).......17 Act of 1949 ...............77 Alcoholic and Narcotic Children’s Online Privacy Rehabilitation Act (1968) ....20 Protection Act (1998) .......80 Alien and Sedition Acts Chinese Exclusion Acts.........82 of 1798...................22 Civil Aeronautics Act (1938) .....87 Americans with Disabilities Civil Liberties Act (1988)........90 Act (1990) ................25 Civil Rights Act of 1866.........93 Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1986) .....29 Civil Rights Act of 1875........100 Anti-Injunction Act (1793).......32 Civil Rights Act of 1957........104 Antiquities Act of 1906 .........37 Civil Rights Act of 1964........109 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (1996)....39 Civil Service Acts (1883) .......115 Arms Control and Civil Service Reform Disarmament Act (1961) Act (1978) ...............119 and Amendments ..........43 Civil War Pensions............121 vii congress Vol. 1 FM 10/22/03 7:24 PM Page viii CONTENTS Clayton Act (1914)............123 Domestic Volunteer Services Clean Air Act (1963)...........127 Act of 1973 (VISTA) .......208 Coinage Act of 1792...........131 Drug Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Coinage Acts.................133 Rehabilitation Act (1980) ...211 Commodities Exchange Act (1936)...................138 E Communications Act of 1934 ...142 Communications Decency Economic Cooperation Act Act (1996) ...............147 of 1948 (Marshall Plan).....214 Communist Control Act Economic Opportunity Act of 1954..................148 of 1964..................220 Community Development 1894 Income Tax and Banking and Financial Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act ..225 Institutions Act of 1994.....154 Electronic Communications Community Reinvestment Privacy Act of 1986........229 Act (1977) ...............155 Electronic Signatures in Comprehensive Environmental Global and National Response, Compensation, Commerce Act (2000)......231 and Liability Act (1980).....157 Elementary and Secondary Compromise of 1850..........161 Education Act of 1965......232 Computer Security Act Emergency Planning and of 1987..................164 Community Right-To- Know Act (1986)..........234 Comstock Act (1873)..........166 Employee Retirement Income Congressional Budget and Security Act of 1974 .......236 Impoundment Control Act (1974) ...............170 Employment Act of 1946.......240 Consumer Credit Protection Endangered Species Act (1973) .242 Act (1969) ...............172 Enrollment Act (1863) Contract Disputes Act (1978) ...175 (The Conscription Act).....246 Controlled Substances Act Equal Pay Act of 1963.........248 (1970)...................178 Espionage Act (1917) and Copyright Act of 1790 .........181 Sedition Act (1918)........251 Copyright Act of 1976 .........185 Estate and Gift Taxation .......257 Corporate Income Tax Act Ethics in Government Act of 1909..................190 (1978)...................260 Counterfeit Access Device Export-Import Bank Act of and Computer Fraud 1945 ....................264 and Abuse Act of 1984.....194 Constitution of the United D States of America .........271 Defense of Marriage Act (1996)...................198 Chronology .................289 Department of Energy Glossary....................321 Organization Act (1977)....200 Court Case Index.............331 Department of Homeland Security Act (2002) ........202 Index ......................335 viii M A J O R A C T S O F C O N G R E S S congress Vol. 1 FM 10/22/03 7:24 PM Page ix CONTENTS Federal Water Pollution VOLUME 2 Control Act (1948)..........81 First and Second Confiscation Topic Outline................xiii Acts (1861, 1862)...........86 Preface.....................xvii Fish and Wildlife Conservation Introduction.................xxi Act of 1980 ...............89 Flag Protection Act of 1989......91 List of Contributors ..........xxvii Food Quality Protection Act of 1996...................95 F Food Stamp Act of 1964 ........96 Fair Housing Act of 1968.........1 Force Act of 1871..............99 Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)...5 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961..100 Family and Medical Leave Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1993 ...............10 Act (1977) ...............106 Farm Credit Act of 1933.........14 Foreign Intelligence Farmers Home Surveillance Act (1978).....110 Administration Act (1946) ...16 Federal Advisory Committee Foreign Service Act of 1946 ....113 Act (1972) ................17 Freedmen’s Bureau Acts Federal Aviation Act (1958)......20 (1865, 1868)..............115 Federal Blackmail Statute Freedom of Access to Clinic (1994)....................24 Entrances Act (1994).......119 Federal Cigarette Labeling and Freedom of Information Act Advertising Act of 1965 .....26 (1966)...................124 Federal Civil Defense Act Fugitive Slave Acts of 1950...................28 (1793, 1850)..............128 Federal Deposit Insurance G Acts......................31 Federal Election Campaign Glass-Steagall Act (1933).......133 Act (1971) ................34 Gold Reserve Act of 1934 ......138 Federal Employers’ Liability Gold Standard Act of 1900 .....141 Act (1908) ................39 Government in the Federal Food, Drug, and Sunshine Act (1976) .......143 Cosmetic Act (1938) ........43 Gun Control Act of 1968.......146 Federal Home Loan Bank H Act (1932) ................46 Federal Income Tax of 1913.....49 Hatch Act (1939) .............152 Federal Land Policy and Hazardous and Solid Waste Management Act (1976).....54 Amendments of 1984 ......155 Federal National Mortgage Hazardous Materials Association Charter Transportation Act (1975)...157 Act (1954) ................58 Higher Education Act of 1965...158 Federal Power Acts ............63 Highway Act of 1956..........160 Federal Reserve Act (1913)......66 Highway Beautification Federal Tort Claims Act (1946)...71 Act (1965) ...............162 Federal Trade Commission Highway Safety Act of 1966 ....164 Act (1914) ................75 Hill-Burton Act (1946).........166 Federal Unemployment Tax Hobbs Anti-Racketeering Act (1939) ................78 Act (1946) ...............168 M A J O R A C T S O F C O N G R E S S ix congress Vol. 1 FM 10/22/03 7:24 PM Page x CONTENTS Homestead Act (1862).........170 Mann Act (1910)..............251 Housing and Urban Marine Mammal Protection Development Act of 1965...175 Act (1972) ...............255 McKinney-Vento Act (1988) ....258 I Medicaid Act (1965)...........261 Immigration and Nationality Medicare Act (1965)...........264 Act (1952) ...............178 Merchant Marine Act of 1920 ...267 Immigration Reform and Migratory Bird Conservation Control Act of 1986........184 Act of 1929...............270 Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)...186 Militia Act (1862) .............273 Indian Gaming Regulatory Mineral Leasing Act (1920) .....275 Act (1988) ...............188 Missouri Compromise (1820) ...280 Indian General Allotment Morrill Land Grant Act Act (1887) ...............191 of 1862..................284 Indian Removal Act (1830) .....195 Motor Carrier Act (1935) .......286 Indian Reorganization Act Mutual Security Act (1951) .....289 of 1934..................197 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1975) ......200 Constitution of the United Internal Improvements Acts ....204 States of America .........293 Internal Revenue Act of 1954 ...207 Chronology .................311 International Emergency Glossary....................343 Economic Powers Act (1977) ...............209 Court Case Index.............353 Interstate Commerce Act Index ......................357 of 1887..................211 J Judiciary Act of 1789 ..........214 Judiciary Act of 1801 ..........219 VOLUME 3 Juvenile Justice and Deliquency Prevention Topic Outline................xiii Act of 1974...............222 Preface.....................xvii K Introduction.................xxi Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854 ...226 List of Contributors ..........xxvii Keating-Owen Act of 1916 .....231 Ku Klux Klan Act (1871).......233 N L Narcotics Act (1914).............1 National Aeronautics and Legal Services Corporation Space Act (1958)............4 Act (1974) ...............241 National Banking Act (1864)......7 Lend-Lease Act (1941).........243 National Emissions Standards Lobbying Disclosure Act Act (1965) ................11 (1995)...................246 National Energy Conservation M Policy Act (1978)...........15 Mail Fraud and False National Environmental Representation Statutes.....249 Policy Act (1969)...........16 x M A J O R A C T S O F C O N G R E S S congress Vol. 1 FM 10/22/03 7:24 PM Page xi CONTENTS National Forest Management Organized Crime Control Act (1976) ................20 Act of 1970...............104 National Guard Acts............23 Outer Continental Shelf National Historic Preservation Lands Act (1953)..........109 Act (1966) ................25 P National Housing Act (1955).....27 National Industrial Recovery Panama Canal Purchase Act Act (1933) ................31 (1902)...................111 National Labor Relations Paperwork Reduction Act Act (1935) ................37 (1980)...................114 National Park Service Patent Acts ..................116 Act (1916) ................42 Peace Corps Act of 1961.......121 National Prohibition Personal Responsibility and Act (1919) ................46 Work Opportunity National Reclamation Reconciliation Act (1996)...124 Act of 1902 ...............51 Plant Variety Protection National Security Act (1970) ...............128 Act of 1947 ...............55 Posse Comitatus Act (1878).....130 National Traffic and Motor Pregnancy Discrimination Vehicle Safety Act Act (1978) ...............133 of 1966...................58 Privacy Act of 1974 ...........135 National Wildlife Refuge Prohibition of the Slave System Administration Trade (1807) .............138 Act (1966) ................60 Public Broadcasting Act Natural Gas Act (1938) .........62 of 1967..................140 Naturalization Act (1790)........63 Public Debt Acts..............142 Negotiated Rulemaking Public Utility Holding Act (1990) ................65 Company Act of 1935......143 Neutrality Acts ................66 Pure Food and Drug No Child Left Behind (2001).....69 Act (1906) ...............147 Nonintercourse Act (1809) ......73 R Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932).....74 North American Free Trade Rail Passenger Service Agreement Implementation Act (1970) ...............150 Act (1993) ................80 Reconstruction Acts...........151 Northwest Ordinance (1787).....83 Regulatory Flexibility Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act (1980) ...............157 Act (1978) ................86 Religious Freedom Restoration Nuclear Waste Policy Act Act (1993) ...............160 (1982)....................91 Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (1946) ...165 Rural Electrification O Act (1936) ...............167 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 .........94 S Oil Pollution Acts..............99 Safe Drinking Water Omnibus Crime Control and Act (1974) ...............169 Safe Streets Act of 1968 ....101 Securities Act of 1933..........170 M A J O R A C T S O F C O N G R E S S xi