M AHATMA Volume 4 [1934-1938] Tendulkar By: D. G. First Edition : August 1953 Printed & Published by: The Publications Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India, Patiala House New Delhi 110 001 MAHATMA - Volume 4 (1934-1938) www.mkgandhi.org Page 2 MAHATMA - Volume 4 (1934-1938) 01. Village industries ( 1934 ) Gandhi retired from the congress to throw himself with redoubled zeal and vigour into the revival and development of village industries and other constructive activities. Now he took his abode in the Satyagraha Ashram, Wardha, and turned in into a hive of acitivities. Harijan made no mention even of his retirement from the Congress. Its pages were devoted to the constructive programme. Assessing the achievements of the All-India Spinners’ Asociation, Gandhi wrote: “This association is serving over 5,3000 villages and through them supporting 2,20,000 spinners, 20,000 weavers and 20,000 carders. During the ten years of its existence, over two and a quarter ctore of rupees have been distributed among these villagers. In other words, at least that much wealth was produced in the country through the dfforts of the association, and the whole of it has contributed to the prosperity of the villagers, not by destroying any of the existing industries but by utilizing their od;e hours. Out of the two and a quarter crores, three – quarters went into the pockets of the spinners, and Rs.95,00,000 into the pockets of the farmers for the cotton which the association bought for the spinners. On an average, these three classes of workers- spinners, weavers, carders – added twelve rupees per year to their earnings of the spinners.” He was wholly occupied with the Village Industries Association, and his post on the subject was already more than he could cope with. Giving a full picture of what he meant by village industries, he wrote to a correspondent: “In a nutshell, of the things we use, we should restrict our purchase to the articles which the villagers manufacture . Their manufactures may be crude. We must try to induce them to improve their workmanship, and not dismiss them because foreign articles or even produced in cities, that is, big factories, are superior. In other words, we should evoke the artistic talent of the villager. In this way shall we repay somewhat the debt we owe to them. We need not be frightened by the thought whether we shall ever succeed in such an effort. Within our own times we can recall instances where we have not been baffled www.mkgandhi.org Page 3 MAHATMA - Volume 4 (1934-1938) by the difficulty of our tasks when we known that they were essential for the nations progress. If, therefore, we as individuals believe that revivification of India’s villages is a necessity of our existence, if we believe that thereby only can we root out untouchability and feel one with all, no matter to what community or religion they may belong, we must mentally go back to the villages and treat them as our pattern, instead of putting the city life before them for imitation. If this is the correct attitude, then, naturally, we begin with ourselves and thus use, say, handmade paper instead of mill-made, use village reed, wherever possible, instead of the fountain pen or the penholder, ink made in the villages instead of the big factories, etc. I can multiply instances of this nature. There is hardly anything of daily use in the home which the villagers have not made before and cannot make even now. If we perform the mental trick and fix our gaze upon them, we immediately put millions of rupees into the pockets of the villagers, whereas, at the present moment, we are exploiting the villagers without making any return worth the name.. It is time we arrested the progress of the tragedy. To me, the campaign against untouchability has begun to imply ever so much more than the eradication of the ceremonial untouchability of those who are labelled un- touchables. For the city dweller, the villages have become untouchables. He does not know them, he will not live in them, and if he finds himself in a village, he will want to reproduce the city life there. This would be tolerable, if we could bring into being cities which would accommodate thirty crores of human beings. This is much more impossible than the one of reviving the village industries and stopping the progressive poverty, which is due as much to enforced unemployment as to any other cause." In a leading article on "Village Industries'' he wrote in Harijan dated November 16, 1934: "As the author of the Congress resolutions on village industries and as the sole guide of the association that is being formed for their promotion, it is but meet that I should, as far as possible, share with the public the ideas that are www.mkgandhi.org Page 4 MAHATMA - Volume 4 (1934-1938) uppermost in my mind regarding these industries and the moral and hygienic uplift that is intimately associated with them. "The idea of forming the association took a definite shape during the Harijan tour as early as when I entered Malabar. A casual talk with a khadi worker showed to me, how necessary it was to have a body that would make an honest attempt to return to the villagers what has been cruelly and thoughtlessly snatched away from them by the city dwellers. The hardest hit among the villagers are the Harijans. They have but a limited choice of the industries that are open to the villagers in general. Therefore, when their industries slip away from their hands, they become Bke the beasts of burden with whom their lot is cast. "But the villagers in general are not much better off today. Bit by bit they are being confined only to the hand-to-mouth business of scratching the earth. Few know that agriculture in the small and irregular holdings of India is not a paying proposition. The villagers live a lifeless life. Their life is a process of slow starvation. They are burdened with debts. The moneylender lends, because he can do no otherwise. He will lose all if he does not. This system of village lending baffles investigation. Our knowledge of it is superficial, in spite of elaborate inquiries. "Extinction of the village industries would complete the ruin of the 7,00,000 villages of India. "I have seen in the daily press criticism of the proposals I have adumbrated. Advice has been given to me that I must look for salvation in the direction of using the powers of nature that the inventive brain of man has brought under subjection. The critics say that water, air, oil and electricity should be fully utilized, as they are being utilized in the go-ahead West. They say that the control over these hidden powers of nature enables every American to have thirty-three slaves. Repeat the process in India and I dare say that it will thirty- thj-ee times enslave every inhabitant of this land, instead of giving every one thirty-three slaves. www.mkgandhi.org Page 5 MAHATMA - Volume 4 (1934-1938) "Mechanization is good when the hands are too tew lor the work intended to be accomplished. It is an evil when there are more hands than required for the work, as is the case in India. I may not use a plough for digging a few square yards of a plot of land. The problem with u* is not how to find leisure for the teeming millions inhabiting our villages. The problem is how to utilize their idle hours, which are equal to the working days of six months in the year. Strange as it may appear, every mill generally is a menace to the villagers. I have not worked out the figures, but I am quite safe in saying that every mill-hand does the work of at least ten labourers doing the same work in their villages. In other words, he earns more than he did in his village at the expense often fellow villagers. Thus spinning and weaving mills have deprived the villagers of a substantial means of livelihood. It is no answer in reply to say. that they turn out cheaper better cloth, if they do so at all. For, if they have displaced thou- sands of workers, the cheapest mill cloth is dearer than the dearejt khadi woven in the village. Coal is not dear for the coal-miner who can use it there and then, nor is khadi dear for the villager who manufactures his own khadi. But if the cloth manufactured in the mills displaces village hands, the rice-mills and flour-mills not only displace thousands of poor women workers, but damage the health of the whole population in the bargain. Where people have no objection to taking flesh diet and can afford it, white flour and polished rice may do no harm, but in India, where millions can get no flesh diet even where they have no objection to eating it if they can get it, it is sinful to deprive them of the nutritious and vital elements contained in whole wheatmeal and unpolished rice. It is time medical men and others combined to instruct the people on the danger attendant upon the use of white flour and polished rice. "I have drawn attention to some broad glaring facts to show that the way to take work to the villagers is not through mechanization but that it lies through the revival of the industries they have hitherto followed. "The function of the All-India Village Industries Association must, in my opinion, be to encourage existing industries and to revive, where it is possible and desirable, the dying or the dead industries of villages according to the village www.mkgandhi.org Page 6 MAHATMA - Volume 4 (1934-1938) methods, that is, the villagers working in their own cottages as they have done from times immemorial. These simple methods can be considerably improved as they have been in hand-ginning, hand-carding, hand-spinning and hand- weaving. "A critic objects that the ancient plan is purely individualistic and can never bring about corporate effort. This view appears to me to be very superficial. Though articles may be manufactured by the villagers in their cottages, they can be pooled together and the profits divided. The villagers may work under supervision and according to plan. The raw material may be supplied from the common stock. If the will to co-operative effort is created, there is surely ample opportunity for co-operation, division of labour, saving of time and efficiency of work. All these things are today being done by the All-India Spinners9 Association in over 5,000 Villages. "But khadi is the sun of the village solar system. The planets are the various industries which can support khadi in return for the heat and the sustenance they derive from it. Without it, the other industries cannot grow. But during my last tour I discovered that, without the revival of the other industries, khadi could not make further progress. For villagers to be able to occupy their spare time profitably, the village life must be touched at all points. That is what Ike two associations are expected to do. "Naturally they can have nothing to do with politics or political parties. The Congress, in my opinion, did well in making both the associations autonomous and wholly non-political. All parties and all communities can combine to uplift the villages economically, morally and hygienically. "I know that there is a school of thought that does not regard khadi as an economic proposition at all. I hope that they will not be scared by my having mentioned khadi as the centre of the village activities. I could not complete the picture of my mind without showing the interrelation between khadi and the other village industries. Those who do not see it are welcome only to concentrate their effort on the other industries. But this, too, they will be able www.mkgandhi.org Page 7 MAHATMA - Volume 4 (1934-1938) to do through the new association, if they appreciate the background I have endeavoured to give in this article." During the last week of November, the Gandhi Seva Sangh held its annual meeting at Wardha. Addressing the constructive workers, Gandhi said: "Some of you here perhaps know how the Village Industries Association came into being. During my extensive Harijan tour last year it was clearly borne in upon me that the way in which we were carrying on our khadi work was hardly enough either to universalize khadi or to rejuvenate the villages. I saw that it was confined to a very few and that even who used khadi exclusively were under the impression that they need do nothing else and that they might use other things irrespective of how and where they were made. Khadi was thus becoming a lifeless symbol, and I saw that, if the state things were allowed* to go on, khadi might even die of sheer inanition. It is not that a concentrated intensive effort devoted exclusively to khadi would not be conducive to success, but there was neither that concentration nor that intensity. All did not give all their spare time to the charkha or the takli, and all had not taken to the exclusive use of khadi though their number was larger than that of the t spinners. But the rest were idle. There were multitudes of men with quantities of enforced leisure on their hands. That I saw was a state which could lead only to our undoing. 'These people/ I said to myself, 'could never win swaraj. For, their involuntary and voluntary idleness made them a perpetual prey of the ex- ploiters, foreign and indigenous. Whether the exploiter was from outside or from Indian cities, their state would be the same, they would have no swaraj.' So I said to myself, 'Let these people be asked to do something else; if they will not interest themselves in khadi, let them take up some work which used to be done by their ancestors but which has of late died out.* There were numerous things of daily use which they used to produce themselves not many years ago, but for which they now depend on the outer world. There were numerous things of daily use to the town dweller for which he depended on the villagers but which he now imports from cities. The moment the villagers decided to devote all their spare time to doing something useful and town dwellers to use www.mkgandhi.org Page 8 MAHATMA - Volume 4 (1934-1938) these village products, the snapped link between the villagers and the town dwellers would be restored. As to which of the extinct or moribund village industries and crafts could be revived, we could not be sure until we sat down in the midst of the villages to investigate, to tabulate and classify. But I picked up two things of the most vital importance: articles of diet and articles of dress. Khadi was there. In the matter of articles of diet, we were fast losing our self- sufficiency. Only a few years ago, we pounded our own paddy and ground our own flour. Put aside for the time being the question of health. It is an indisputable fapt that the flour-mill and the rice-mill have driven millions of women out of employment and have deprived them of the means of eking out their income. Sugar is fast taking the place of jaggery, and ready- made articles of diet like biscuits and sweetmeats are freely being imported into our villages. This means that all the village industries are gradually slipping out of the hands of the villager, who has become a producer of raw materials for the exploiter. He continually gives, and gets little in return. Even the little he gets for the raw material he produces, he gives back to the sugar merchant and cloth merchant. His mirid aiijd body have become very much like those of the animals, his constant companions. When we come to think of it, we find that the villager of today is not even half so intelligent or resourceful as the villager of fifty years ago. For, whereas the former is reduced to a state of miserable dependence and idleness, the latter used his mind and body for all he needed and produced them at home. Even the village artisan today partakes of the rcsourcelessness that has overtaken the rest of the village. Go to the village carpenter and ask him to make a spinning wheel for you, go to the village smith and ask him to make a spindle for you, you will be disappointed. This is a deplorable state of things. It is as a remedy for it that the Village Industries Association has been conceived. "This cry of 'back to the village', some critics say, is putting back the hands of the clock of progress. But is it really so? Is it going back to the village, or rendering back to it what belongs to it? I am not asking the city dwellers to go to and live in the villages. But I am asking them to render unto the villagers that is due to them. Is there any single raw material that the city dwellers can www.mkgandhi.org Page 9 MAHATMA - Volume 4 (1934-1938) obtain except from the villager? If they cannot, why not teach him to work on it himself, as he used to before and as he would do now but for our exploiting inroads? "But this reinstating the villager in what was once his natural position is no easy task. I had thought that I should be able to frame a constitution and set the association going with the help of Shri Kumarappa within a short time. But the more I dive into it, the more I find myself out of my djepth. In a sense, the work is much more difficult than khadi, which does npt in any way offer a complicated problem. You have simply to exclude all foreign and machine- made cloth, and you have established khadi on a secure foundation. But here the field is so vast, there is such an infinite variety of industries to handle and organize, that it will tax all our business talent, expert knowledge and scientific training. It cannot be achieved without hard toil, incessant endeavour and application of all our business and scientific abilities to this supreme purpose. Thus, I sent a questionnaire to several of our well-known doctors and chemists, asking them to enlighten me on the chemical analysis and different food values of polished and unpolished rice, jaggery and sugar, and so on. Many friends, I am thankful to say, have immediately responded, but only to confess that there has been no research in some of the directions I had inquired about. Is it not a tragedy that no scientist should be able to give me the chemical analysis of such a simple article as gur ? The reason is that we have not thought of the villager. Take the case of honey. I am told that in foreign countries such a careful analysis of honey is made that no sample which fails to satisfy a particular test is bottled for the market. In India, we have got vast resources for the production of the finest honey, but we have not much expert knowledge in the matter. An esteemed doctor friend writes to say that in his hospital, at any rate, polished rice is taboo and that it has been proved after experiments on rats and other animals that polished rice is harmful. But why have riot all the medical men published the results of their investigation and experiment and joined in declaring the use of such rice as positively harmful? www.mkgandhi.org Page 10