MACMILLAN DICTIONARY FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH CHECK BOOK FOR CD-ROM LITERACY DICTIONARIES Boaton Public Library 1P«8H.S MA 02116 • a[nmootdhaelrvveerrbb]toveerxbpsretshsatiadreeasussuecdhwaisth No possibility, permission, or intention: She mightcome. Hecangonow. /willask • [C] countablenounsthatareusedwithaor him tocallyou. anoranumberandhaveaplural:car,soldier • [U] uncountablenounsthatcannotbeused Adjectives withaoranoranumberandhavenoplural: • [onlybeforenoun] adjectivesthatcanonly happiness,pasta beusedbeforeanoun: myeldersister • [singular] nounsthatareusedwitha, an, or • [neverbeforenoun] adjectivesthatcan thebutareneverused intheplural: babble, neverbeusedbeforeanoun: Ifeltafraid. halt • [plural] nounsthatareusedonly inthe Other Short Forms or Codes pluralandalwaystakeapluralverb: cattle, surroundings • sb someone • [oftenplural] [usuallyplural] nounsthat • sth something canbe used inthe singularbutareoftenor • [+ that] followedbyaclausebeginningwith usuallyplural: boundary,fee "that": Sheallowedthatthematterwas serious. • [+(that)]followedbyaclausebeginningwith Verbs "that" butyoucanmissoutthe "that":Are • o[Ib]jeicntt:rHanesiptaiuvesevderfbosrtahamtomheanvte.nodCioruelctdyou ycoerutcaeirntiati'snftinhiastheitd'?sfinished?orAreyou speakupplease? • ...todosthfollowedbyaverb inthe infinitive: /lovetogoshopping. • /[Ta]tetrmanysiltuinvceh.verbsShtehahtahnadveedathdeirneoctteoobvjeecrt: • s..w.idmomiinnggs.thfollowedbyaverb + ing: Ilove tome. • [usuallypassive]usuallyusedinthepassive • [linkingverb] verbsthatarefollowedbya nounoradjectivecomplementdescribingthe • [usuallyprogressive] usuallyused inthe subject: They lookedhappy. Ifeelbetter progressive now. • [inimperative] usuallyusedinthe imperative • [auxiliaryverb] verbs "be," "have," and "do" whentheyareusedwithotherverbsto • [ininfinitive] usuallyusedinthe infinitive formquestions, showtheirtense, etc.: When • [innegativesorquestions] usuallyusedin areyou leaving? Theydidn'tunderstand. negative sentencesorquestions WORD CLASSES abbrev(=abbreviation) quantifier adj (=adjective) shortform(forexamplecan't) adv(=adverb) suffix conjunction trademark(trademarksarenotgivenaword determiner class) functionword verb interjection noun SYMBOLS number -» pointstoanotherentryorpage phrasalvb(^phrasalverb) thatyoushouldlookatformore prefix informationorforpictures preposition comesbetweenexample pronoun sentences REDWORDS The wordsprinted inredformthecore thesewords, butalsoto usethemconfidently tvhoacta—bualsaraynoafdvEnagnlciesdh.leTahrenseer—aryeotuheneweodrdtos andcorrectly. knowespeciallywell. Thereare 7,500red Allredwordshavea"starrating": words, andtheyhavebeencarefullychosenon *** the2,500mostcommonandbasicEnglish thebasisoftheirfrequencyandtheir words, suchas: easy, go, have, house importance.Fortheseredwords,thedictionary ** verycommonwords, suchas: behave, providesalotofextra information(for frighten, intelligence, occasional example, aboutgrammarandcollocation)and * fairlycommonwords, suchas: boil, awiderangeofexamplesentences. This is cruelty,farming, metric designedtohelpyounotonlyto understand tt, * * • * MACMILLAN English DICTIONARY ri Ide gne* MACMILLAN English DICTIONARY FOR ADVANCED LEARNERS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH MacmillanEducation BetweenTownsRoad,Oxford0X43PP Adivisionof MacmillanPublishersLimited Companiesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld ISBN 333966694(Americancasededition) 333966716(Americancasededition+CD-ROM) 333966708(Americanpaperbackedition) 333966724(Americanpaperbackedition+CD-ROM) 33396691 (AmericanCD-ROM) Text©BloomsburyPublishingPic2002 Illustrations©MacmillanPublishersLimited2002 Firstpublished2002 Allrightsreserved;nopartofthispublicationmaybe reproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,transmittedinany form,orbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermission ofthepublishers. TheMacmillanEnglishDictionarywasconceived,compiled andeditedbytheReferenceandElectronicMediaDivisionof BloomsburyPublishingPic. ThisDictionaryincludeswordsonthebasisoftheiruseinthe Englishlanguagetoday. Somewordsareidentifiedasbeing trademarksorservicemarks.Neitherthepresencenorabsence of suchidentificationinthisDictionaryistoberegardedas affectinginanyway,orexpressingajudgmenton,thevalidityor legalstatusofanytrademark,servicemark,orotherproprietary rightsanywhereintheworld. WorldEnglishCorpus ThedefinitionsintheMacmillanEnglishDictionaryhavebeen basedoninformationderivedfromthe200,000,000wordsof EnglishwhichmakeuptheWorldEnglishCorpus.Thisconsists oftheBloomsburyCorpusofWorldEnglish®withadditional materialexclusivelydevelopedforthisDictionary,includingELT materialsandacorpusof commonerrorsmadebylearnersof English. CoverdesignbyConorMangatof BoagAssociates,London TypesetbySelwoodSystems,MidsomerNorton,Radstock, UnitedKingdom PrintedandboundinChina 2006 20052004 2003 10 9 8 7 6 5 CONTENTS GrammarCodes insidefrontcover Foreword Introduction Usingthe Dictionary Entriesthatare Numbers The Dictionary 1-1648 Color Illustrations between pages 562 and 563 House C1 Kitchen C2 Office C3 Clothesand Patterns C4 HighwayandTypesofVehicle C6 Transportation C7 Car C8 Language Awareness between pages924and 925 Numbers LA2 Phrasal Verbs LA3 Academic English LA4 College Composition LA8 Metaphor LA10 ComputerWords LA12 Pragmatics LA14 Spoken Discourse LA16 Sensitivity LA18 American and British English LA20 Business English LA22 Word Formation LA24 Color Illustrations between pages 1146and 1147 Trees, Plants, and Flowers C9 Fruit C10 Vegetables C11 Animals C12 Sports: Soccer, Tennis, and Golf C14 Sports: Football, Baseball, and Basketball C15 Gym and Games C16 DefiningVocabulary 1649-1656 Labels 1657 Pronunciation Guide 1658 EDITORIAL TEAM Managing Editor Michael Mayor DeputyEditors Editors Orin Hargraves FunctionWordEditors Sue Engineer RebeccaAdae Ruth Hein TedJackson Stephen Handorf SandraAnderson Lucy Hollingworth Stephen Handorf StellaO'Shea Debra Bailey MichaelJanes Gillian Francis KarenStern Kate Baldus Imogen Kerr JohnWilliams JaneBradbury Stan Kurzban Phoneticians PatBulhosen Jill Leatherbarrow DinahJackson SeniorEditors John Bunting Sinda Lopez RafalS. Konopka RobertAllen RebeccaCampbell Dan Malt EstherHurrell RobertClevenger EdwinCarpenter Heloi'se McGuinness RosalindCombley Carol-JuneCassidy Clea McEnery Proofreaders GloriaGeorge MargaretJullCosta Fiona Mcintosh Robin Batchelor-Smith SusanJellis DewayneCrawford TerryMcLean Pat Bulhosen SidneyI. Landau Dana DarbyJohnson ClaireNeedier Josephine M. P. Curtis Julia B. Plier ChristopherDecker DianeNicholls Susan D. Dickson Elizabeth Potter Sheila Dignen Susan R. Norton Julia Esplen HowardSargeant JenniferGossDuby Glennis Pye Ruth Hillmore PennyStock KoreyEgge Jane Rogoyska Irene Lakhani JennyWatson ScottForbes ValerieSmith Jill Leatherbarrow DonaldWatt Susan Finlay Ian M. Spackman AdeleLinderholm LauraWedgeworth TammyGales KatalinSule RosemaryMorlin AliceGrandison AntheaTillyer ClareShaw IsabelGriffiths RachelWare SusanTurner DavidHallworth PamelaWhite RebeccaVickers PennyHands KallieWillboum RichardWhitecross PROJECT TEAM ProjectManager DatabaseManager ProductionEditor KatyMcAdam EdmundWright NickyThompson Design ProductionDirectors Dictionaries'Publisher PublishingDirectors DouglasWilliamson PennyEdwards FayeCarney KathyRooney Nigel Partridge TimWakeford SueBale ProjectCoordinators DatabaseAdministrators CorpusDevelopment JoelAdams PeterHosking GloriaGeorge Melanie Hewitt JamesOrpin Ian M. Spackman SusannahJenkins MelanieTate OTHER CONTRIBUTORS Editorial,Keyboarding,and Illustrations AdministrativeAssistance IanFoulisandAssociates SimonArnold PeterHarper DanielCosserat StuartLafford ChrisGlenny Alan Male Rebecca McKee PeterRichardson Lisa Milford MartinShovel JaniceMuckle IllustratedArts HelenSzirtes Oxford Illustrators DarrenTreend Editor-in-Chief Michael Rundell Associate Editor Gwyneth Fox ADVISORY PANEL ChiefAdviser Professor Michael Hoey Baines Professorof English Languageand DirectoroftheApplied English LanguageStudiesUnit, UniversityofLiverpool, U.K. Dr.AnthonyBruton SusanMaingay SusanStempleski SeniorLecturerin ELT AmyChiMan-lai CoordinatorofFaculty Methodology, English Language Instructor, LanguageCentre, Hong Development, HunterCollege SDpeapianrtment, Seville University, TKeocnhgnoUlnoigvye,rsHitoyngofKSocnigenceand IInnstteirtnuattei,onCailtyEnUgnliivsehrsiLtayngofuaNgeew ProfessorChenLin Dr. DonR.McCreary York, U.S.A. ProfessorofEnglish, Foreign Adrian Underhill Associate Professor, Departmentof LanguagesUniversity, Beijing, China ELTconsultant,trainer,author English, UniversityofGeorgia, ProfessorKevinMark Athens, Georgia, U.S.A. OrielEVillagarcia Professor, SchoolofPoliticsand Dr. HilaryNesi FreelanceTeacherTrainer,Argentina Economics, Meiji University,Japan SeniorLecturer, CentreforEnglish SaraWalker JaneMagee LanguageTeacherEducation, CoordinatoroftheEnglish Program, CourseDirector, English UniversityofWarwick, U.K. Brazilian DiplomaticAcademy, LanguageTeaching, Universityof PhilipProwse MinistryofForeign Relations, St.Andrews, U.K. ELTauthorandtrainer Brasilia DF, Brazil CONSULTANTS Dr.JoannaChannell ChristopherGallagher Dr.IngridMeyer ProfessorMalcolmCoulthard InternationalChristian University, AssociateProfessor, Schoolof Tokyo,Japan Translationand Interpretation, ProfessorofEnglish Languageand Linguistics, Dr.AdamKilgarriff UniversityofOttawa, Ontario, Canada UniversityofBirmingham, U.K. InformationTechnologyResearch AverilCoxhead Institute, UniversityofBrighton, U.K. Dr.RosamundMoon LanguageTutor,Victoria University Dr.AnneMcCabe Lecturerin English, Universityof ofWellington, NewZealand SaintLouis University, Madrid Birmingham, U.K. Campus, Spain ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Argentina Germany Mexico Sweden Cristina Banfi Claudia Finkbeiner CarlosOscarMelendez Stieg Hargevik Brazil Hungary JoAnn Miller, Eric Pearse Taiwan CarmenSantamarfa MisaCankova FerencCsendes JeromeSu Virginia LoCastro PeterRadai Poland UnitedKingdom Vera Muller Italy Maria Birkenmajer David Briggs,JayneHamilton CristinaSiqueira Jan Borsbey PiotrSteinbrich DaveHarries,VaughanJones Croatia RuthSwan Russia SueKay, Diana Mackintosh Hrvoja Heffer Japan Marina Bovtenko HowardMiddle,JohnSutherland LovorkaZergollem-Miletic AkihikoKawamura Natalina Emelianova H.A. Swan Egypt Yuri Komuro TGaalmiaarKaoNmaazraorvoava UnitedStates Yehya El-Azabi Korea IrinaSeibel MRaorbielrytnBR.yCmonsitaelklo Georgia KimJeong Ryeol Singapore RusikoTkemaladze VincentOoi,AnnePakir FOREWORD ProfessorMichaelHoey ChiefAdviser WHEN IWASABOUT12,1decidedto lookconventionalupinthisdictionary,youwill writemyowndictionary.Ifounda findthatthefirstexampletellsusthata loose-leafbinderandpatientlywrote conventionalovenisanoventhatoperatesinthe dictionaryentriesonobscurewords,whichI traditionalwayasopposedtoamicrowaveoven, storedinthebinder.Mydictionarynever whichdoesnotuseanexternalheatsource. becameverylargeandafterawhileIturnedto Noticethattheinformationisactually makingafootballscrapbooklikemostother containedintheexample,notinthedefinition. childrenofmyage,butforafewmonthsIput Examplesaredrawnoradaptedfromrealusage someeffortinmyattempttooutdotheOxford buttheyarecarefullychosentogiveextra English.YoumightimaginefromthisthatIwas informationaboutthewayawordisused.That showingaprecociousinterestindictionary- waythedictionarycanpackinmore makingandanearlyaptitudeforlexicography. informationaboutthecommonerwords. Perhapsitwasindeedanearlysignofmy Sometimesawordcombineswithanother interestinlanguage,butitcertainlydidnot revealanyearlyaptitude.Indeedalmostevery wordtomakeaphrasethathasadistinct strategyIadoptedforthecreationofthat meaningofitsown.Soconventional,for dictionarywasthewrongoneforthejob. example,combineswithmedicineandwarto createnewandquitespecificmeanings: Inthefirstplace,Istartedwiththemost conventionalmedicineisscience-basedWestern obscurewords;earlyentriesIremember medicineasopposedtoChinesemedicineorso- writingwereforwiddershins,gyre,andperne. calledalternativemedicines,andconventional WhatIdidnotrealizewasthatitisoften warmakesnouseofnuclearweaponsor possibletoguessthemeaningofrarewords biologicalweapons(norinterestingly,Isuspect, fromtheircontextandthattheyhaveinany swordsandbowsandarrows).Whenaword caselittleimpactontheoverallintelligibilityof occursinsuchphrases,theyareeither whatoneisreading(andtheywillalmost indicatedinthedictionaryentryortheyhave alwaysoccurinwriting).Itis,oddly,morelikely entriestothemselves. tobethecommonwordsthatcausethegreater problemsandoverwhichagooddictionaryhas Wordslikeconventionalareagreatdealmore totakespecialcare.Thereasonisthatcommon usefultotheadvancedlearnerofEnglishthan wordsareoftenaffectedbythesituationin wordslikewiddershins,notleastbecauseif whichtheyareused,andtheyshiftinmeaning theyareusedtheywillbeimmediately insubtleandunpredictablewaysdependingon understood.Theyarehoweveragreatdealmore thewordstheyaccompany.Theyarethewords difficulttolearn(andtheyareagreatdealmore thatyouneedtolookupwhentheydonotseem difficulttodefine).Becauseofthemultiplicity tohavetheirnormalmeaning. ofusesthatmanycommonwordshave,the MacmillanEnglishDictionaryprovidessimple Takeawordlikeconventional,forexample.If indexes,or"menus,"tothelongerentries, youknewthewordconventionalinitssocial whichwillhelpyoutogetmorequicklytothe senseof "usual,""normal,"or"customary,"and senseofthewordyouneed;indexeslikethese yousaworheardthewordsconventionalovenin areaninnovationindictionarymakingandwe connectionwitharecipe,youwouldhavea believethattheywillmakeusingthedictionary roughideaofwhatismeantbutyouwouldbe agreatdealeasier. likelytosuspectthatthewriterorspeaker meantsomethingmoreprecisethan"ausual ItwillbeapparentfromeverythingthatIhave oven."Youmightthereforewanttolookthe saidthattheMacmillanEnglishDictionaryisa wordupinordertofindouthowitisbeingused richresourceofinformationaboutwordssuch inthiscontext.Thedictionaryyouarelooking asconventional.Itwillhelpyoufindtheright at(unlikemychildhoodeffort)hastakengreat wordforyourpurposeandshouldreducethe careoverthedefinition(ormoreaccurately,the numberofoccasionswhenyouaccidentallyuse definitions)ofwordslikeconventional.Ifyou thewrongexpression.But,justbecauseithasa