MacDonald’s Atlas of Procedures in Neonatology Sixth Edition JAYASHREE RAMASETHU, MBBS, DCH, MD, FAAP Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Georgetown University Medical Center Medical Director, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Associate Program Director, Neonatal Perinatal Medicine Fellowship Program Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine MedStar Georgetown University Hospital Washington, DC SUNA SEO, MD, MSc, FAAP Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC Acquisitions Editor: Robin Najar Development Editor: Ashley Fischer Editorial Coordinator: Emily Buccieri Production Project Manager: David Saltzberg Design Coordinator: Holly Reid McLaughlin Senior Manufacturing Manager: Beth Welsh Prepress Vendor: Aptara, Inc. 6th edition Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer. ©2013 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, a WOLTERS KLUWER business. ©2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. 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To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work. shop.lww.com This book is dedicated to the newborn infants in our care and to their parents who place their trust in us. Contributors M. Kabir Abubakar, MD Professor, Clinical Pediatrics Georgetown University Medical Center Attending Neonatologist/Director, Neonatal ECMO Program Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine MedStar Georgetown University Hospital Washington, DC Anne Ades, MD, MSEd Professor, Clinical Pediatrics University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Director, Neonatal Education Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Edward S. Ahn, MD Professor, Neurosurgery and Pediatrics Department of Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota Hany Aly, MD, MSHS Professor, Pediatrics Case Western Reserve Lerner College of Medicine Chairman, Department of Neonatology Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio June Amling, MSN, RN, CNS, CWON, CCRN Advanced Practice Nurse, Wound Team Department of Plastic Surgery Children’s National Health System Washington, DC Jacob V. Aranda, MD, PhD, FRCPC, FAAP Professor of Pediatrics and Ophthalmology and Director of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics and Ophthalmology State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, New York David Askenazi, MD, MSPH Professor, Pediatrics, Nephrology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama Stephen B. Baker, MD, DDS, FACS Professor and Program Director Department of Plastic Surgery MedStar Georgetown University Hospital Washington, DC Megan E. Beck, MD General Surgery Resident Physician MedStar Georgetown University Hospital/Washington Hospital Center Washington, DC Alan Benheim, MD Assistant Professor, Pediatrics Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Richmond, Virginia Pediatric Cardiology Inova Children’s Hospital Fairfax, Virginia Catherine M. Brown, MSN, RN, RNC-NIC Staff Development Specialist II Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Virginia Hospital Center Arlington, VA Johanna M. Calo, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Attending Neonatologist Department of Pediatrics State University of New York Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn, New York Joshua Casaos, BS Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery Baltimore, MD Maura C. Caufield, MD Dermatology Colorado Center for Dermatology and Skin Surgery Centennial, Colorado A. Alfred Chahine, MD Associate Professor, Surgery and Pediatrics Department of Surgery The George Washington University School of Medicine Attending Surgeon Children’s National Health System Washington, DC Ela Chakkarapani, FRCPCH, MD Consultant Senior Lecturer, Neonatology St. Michael’s Hospital Translational Health Sciences Bristol Medical School Southwell street Bristol, United Kingdom Ha-Young Choi, MD Assistant Professor, Pediatrics Georgetown University Medical Center Attending Neonatologist Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine MedStar Georgetown University Hospital Washington, DC Christine M. Clark, MD Resident Physician, Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery MedStar Georgetown University Hospital Washington, DC Marko Culjat, MD, PhD, FAAP Neonatal Perinatal Medicine Fellow, Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine MedStar Georgetown University Hospital Washington, DC Linda D’Angelo, BSN, RN-Retired