HMHubey—Akkadian-Turkic-A Version_1a Page 1 8/11/2003 Akkadian and Prototurkic H.M. Hubey First chapter e.g. Akkadian words beginning with /a/. Version 1a This is an abridged form of the work in progress. It will be a part of the book, Akkadian and ProtoTurkic. It consists only of Akkadian words that begin with vowels. It is intended to demonstrate that Turkic still preserves the original initial consonant, which if often k, and sometimes t. Additionally, it can be seen that some words are basically unchanged and others have gone through the common Turkic sound changes or changes that can be encountered often in other languages. This is Version 1 and does not [over]indulge in etymologizing Turkic words since it would cause too many problems for most linguists whose familiarity with Turkic is almost zero. Some journals are no longer serving their purpose of reaching the intended audience in timely fashion but instead serve as pulpits for quasi-religious beliefs. Since everything written is automatically copyrighted in the United States, this is copyrighted work, just like posts in mailing lists, but only more so. Feel free to share the electronic version with authors and give references to this work. Eventually, after having made the rounds like the samizdat this work will be printed on paper. Please feel free to contact me with comments. Later improved versions could have your comments and suggestions incorporated in the work. Since I am a computer scientist, I appreciate the complexity of producing a polished finished product and have decided to pursue the software production method in writing this book; some might say that the worst aspects of SW production are being copied in that it is being released with errors. So what? It is no worse than the state of historical linguistics that exists today, and is probably a great improvement on it. [email protected] Notes: Akkadian words are in purple Ariel narrow like this. Entries from the Karachay-Balkar dictionary by Siunchev and Tenishev are in Times New Roman and black. This dictionary will be published in English (RSN) by Hubey, Siunchev and Tokchukova. Some words are outlined in red to draw attention to them quickly. Some comments that are further explanations are in blue. Entries from Chuvash (Krueger), Pre- Thirteenth Century Turkish (Clauson), Turkish (Redhouse dictionary), Sumero-Turkic cognates (Tuna), etc are in Ariel narrow black like this. There are also entries from another book Hittite and ProtoTurkic (Hubey, to be published) and these words are from Güterbock & Hoffner, and Puhvel. In case where the entries are from Hittite and ProtoTurkic, the entries from the Karachay-Balkar dictionary is in Courier font like this. Since most linguists are not familiar with Turkic and since morphology plays a big role I gave examples of Turkic morphology e.g. they are imbedded in the words (just like the Akkadian words). Karachay-Balkar verbs are in citation form e.g. infinitive case with superscript as in kirirge ,cıyarĝa . Causal forms must be recognized by the reader e.g. awuşdururĝa. It will be seen that in some cases the roots and morphology of Akkadian words and Turkic are identical, and in others the suffixes have gone through slight semantic shifts. Therefore this work is a small step both in the reconstruction of ProtoTurkic and deconstruction of Akkadian. There are errors in this work and it is (will be) in constant revision. 1. aballu (a vessel for water); ← Sum; abalu → ablu qab I karach. pumpkin; bişgen ~ cooked a pumpkin; ~ urluq seeds; ~ cib cucurbitaceae lash qab II 1) cover, case; aĝaç ~ wooden case; qol ~ glove 2) cover (body of animals, plants etc.); cılan ~ snake scales; qurt ~ cocoon; taş maqanı ~ ı shell of turtle; ~ awuşdururĝa to moult (about the snakes) 3) HMHubey—Akkadian-Turkic-A Version_1a Page 2 8/11/2003 image, mask, guise; başxa ~ xa kirirge a) to change; 4) figurative frameworks., limit; ~ dan çıqma do not go too far ; birewnü ~ ına cıyarĝa bridle, curb; restrain or to put someone in his place; bir ~ xa sıyınmaĝan undisciplined kāb properly a leather bag, water-skin, sack; vessel, container, the cover [Clauson72: 579]; kā vesel, container; kā kaça [[Clauson72: 579]; Turkish kapkaçak, pots and pans. Sumerian kabkagag ‘mayiler koymağa mahsus bir kap’ (EDSz.71). kagag ‘mayileri koymağa mahsus bir kap’ (EDSz.67); ka ‘a vessel’ (EHG.94), kab id. (EHG,947) vs Turkish kapkaçak ‘kap kaçak’ (PdD.3925) Mf. Cn. 3a, 11); kapkaç ‘kap kaçak’ (TTS,IV,2148); kakaça ‘içine akarlar konan kap; kapkaçak’ (DLT,III,211,238); ka ‘kap, zarf (mayi icin)’ (DLT, 407); ‘kap, tabak’ (KBI, 2552), kap, ‘kap...,zarf...’(DLT,I,195); kaça ‘kap’ (DLT,III,238). see qabır, küp, kübür, qolqab, qabuk, qaplaq. 2. abālu(m) “to dry (up)” Bab., NA G (a/a) [HAD.A] intrans. “become dry, dry up” O/jB of liquid, plant, swamp; of (parts of) body Gtn iter. Of G D trans. “dry” (up) spittle; parts of body; drugs; swamp, field, orchard Dt pass. of D Š ~ D, esp. stat.; → ablu; nābalu, nābališ, nūbalum; tābalu, tābīlu; ablu dry NB also abalu “dry, dried”… keberge to be dried; to dry Chuvash tip to dry out, tipě dry [Krueger61:235] 3. abarakkatu(m) stewardess, housekeeper üy, eb, ev = house 4. abāru(m) ♣ “(the metal) lead” [A.GAR ; 1st millennium roy. Inscr. A.Bar]. MA also annuku 5 abāru; (at āššur) kisal a. “Lead Courtyard”?;←Sum.? awur 1) heavy; ~ iş difficult work; ~ cumuş burdensome assignment/errand; 3) sluggish, lazy; ~ ögüz lazy bullock; 4) unpleasant; ~ hawa stuffy air 5) menacing, serious, dangerous; ~ cara dangerous wound; ~ caralı seriously/badly wounded; ~ söz insulting words ; ~ saĝış gloomy ideas; ~ asxarĝa to limp strongly; Sumerian gamar ’wuchtig sein’ (D.41) Turkic ’aĝır’ [heavy] (DLT, I, 52) [Tuna90: ] Chuvash yıvăr heavy, difficult [Krueger61:241] 5. abāru(m) ♥ occas. apāru, ubāru 1. Bab.(lit.) (a kind of clamp) 2. jB transf. “embrace, physical strength” of god, king in bēl a., gāmer a.; ša a. “wrestler”; →abāru ♦ abāru(m) ♦ “to embrace” O/jB G (pret. ībir) D 1. of magic “embrace intensely, bind” limbs, person; of stars 2. Leg. “accuse s.o., denonuce”; ← abāru ♥ denom.; → mubbirtu; → ibru; itbāru abāru → also ħabāru ♥ G abātu(m) ♣ “to destroy” G (a/u, O/jB also i’abbat, ī’but (→ GAG 97h)) objects, buildings’ living beings; OA “ruin (economically)” D “destroy completely” objects, parts of body, lving beings; jB occas. + eli instead of acc. Dt pass. of D [GUL.MEŠ] Š caus. Of G OB(lit.) N pass. of G (forms → GAG s97j);→abtu abiktu, NA apiktu “defeat” M/jB, NA [BAD .BAD (- ) (→ dabdû, thatû)] a. šakānu “to inflict a defeat”; lipî a. ‘fat of 5 5 the defeat’ (a plant) jB lex.; ←abāku ♣;→ abkūtu abku “captive” j/B; ←abāku ♣ abtu “destroyed” j/NB of gods, buildings; f. pl. “ruins” NA, NB(roy. inscr.); ←abātu ♣ Turkish kap 1. to snatch, seize, catch, grasp, snap up 2. to carry off, to catch. 3. to learn quickly, to pick up. 4. to manage to win, to get 5. to catch (a disease); to fester. Turkish kapaklan to stumble and fall on one’s face, to capsize, to overturn Turkish kapan 2 trap HMHubey—Akkadian-Turkic-A Version_1a Page 3 8/11/2003 qabıw action name to qabarĝa 1) sting 2) prize; a victory 3) charge 4) loss 5) meal qabxan 1. partic. from qabarĝa biting, stinging, peck, pick 2. 1) winner 2) prize, advantageous 3) sting; qabarĝa 1) to bite, peck; 2) karach. to win; ızına ~ to win back 3) to spend; bütew açxabıznı qabıb qoyĝandı he/she has spent all our money 4) to lose; cülgüçümü qabdım I have lost the razor 5) to eat; mından qab taste it; qabıb kör taste it; cutlanıb ~ to eat with avidity; qabıb qoyarĝa eat (up) (all); cer qabarıq! damnation may he bite the dust; 6) to fit, grab (about clothes); kiyimleri sanların ariw qabadıla [it(him)] the clothes fit her beautifully (e.g. clothes grasp/grab the body) qablanırĝa 1) passive to qablarĝa; terslik barı meŋŋe qablanıb qaldı all fault fell (down) on me; bir atxanlay qablandı he/she was killed on the first shot; çoyun bılayĝa qablanıb turadı the kettle stands turned upside down 2) refl. to qablarĝa lean one's elbows (on) to lean; qablanıb tururĝa to sit (to stand), lean (against, on) by a breast; bawuruŋdan ~ lie (down) on a stomach qablarĝa 1) to throw over, to put on; üsüŋe ~ throw upon itself; ayaqlarıŋa ~ to put shoes on; atxa terlikni ~ to throw on horse sweat-cloth 2) to cover; 3) to overturn; çoyunnu bılayĝa qabla overturn the boiler here (for ex. on a plate) 4) liter., figurative overthrow, to charge; urub ~ to fall down by impact; bawuruŋdan orunduqĝa ~ to lie prone; terslikni birewge ~ to charge someone with a fault; qapxan 6. abāku(m) ♣ “to lead away” OA, NA, M/NB G (a/u) OA “take (commodities) to”; + vent. “fetch” commodities, animals; often with ippāniya (“myself in person”); Bab. as OA “take to”, + vent. “fetch” objects, animals also people, NB “hale” witness, debtor, NB ana kaspi a. ‘take away for silver’ = “buy” Gt Mari “lead away” D Mari “dispatch, forward” goods; jB “push away, displace”; NA “shift” work onto s.o Š jB “have s.o. bring” s.o. N pass. Of G j/NB; → abku, abkūtu, abiktu, ābiku? See qabarĝa, and Turkish kap Turkish kap kaç = to snatch and run away, drag away 7. abāku(m) ♥ “to overturn, upset” O/jB G (a/u); also transf., omen, divine verdict, witchcraft D ~ G N pass. of G; →ābiku? See entry for apellu. awarĝa 1) tumble down, to fall, to overturn; terek awdu the tree has fallen; cerge ~ fall (down) on ground; şiş ~ balk. somersault, to overturn; ~ awub keterge to fell; awub qalırĝa to tumble down; tüşden awa midday, afternoon; artıŋa ~ a) to faint; b)fig be taken aback, to become puzzled; v) figurative to be dissatisfied, to not approve; 2) to pass, to proceed (pass), to move; tawdan ~ to pass through a mountain; kün kün ortadan awĝandı the sun has passed midday 3) figurative to be inclined; ol da meni canıma awadı and he/she is inclined to agree with me; abınırĝa 1) to stumble; taşxa ~ to stumble on a stone; at abındı the horse has stumbled; arı abına, beri sürüne stumbling and staggering; 2) to falter; sözde ~ to falter on a word 3) figurative to suffer failures/adversity Semantic changes and phonetic changes that derive from an early *ap/ab root aw/au (to fall over, keel over), awuş (to die), awruw (pain, sickness (i.e. Trk ağrı)), arı (to tire out (via extension from awruw)); awur (heavy (i.e. Trk ağır)) again via analogy from the fact that the people hefting around heavy things all day would get ağrı. The next is not so clear but it is likely from the same root; aqırın or aqırtın meaning “slowly”. Obviously, if you lug heavy things you go slowly. This can be compared to Kyr aqırın (slowly). The strange thing is that awuş corresponds to Smr uş (which means ‘to die’) and which is one of the regular sound changes HMHubey—Akkadian-Turkic-A Version_1a Page 4 8/11/2003 between Smr and Turkic that has been found and which in Turkic is öl [TunO90]. The strange thing is that both versions (awuş, öl) now exist in KBal language. The latter root apparently applied only to death of plants from lack of water [Clauson]. We have corroborating evidence from Tatar in the form of avır (difficult, heavy); avırtu (pain), and avıru (illness). In Chuvash yiwer (heavy) and Yakut yaraxan are cognates [GroV79:83]. Chuvash iwër means ‘to grow tired’ [GroV79:120] and is cognate with KBal arı (to be tired). Turkish argın-yorgun doublet/ikileme attests to this meaning. There is evidence that this word has its root in ab (to go off the vertical and lose footing) since it shows up as abın and aban (to lean, Trk). It shows up as abla (Mongolian, to hunt, likely a borrowing). This meaning of losing footing seems to be the purest way to say “to hunt” since the main aim of hunting is to force the animal to lose footing so the word goes back the ages before using bows and arrows or even spears. There are other words with ab/ap showing the development of the concept over time: abınçaq, abına-sürüne, and figuratively abızırarĝa, apçımaqlıq, apçırĝa; apçiw, apçıtırĝa, aqırın, aqırınlarĝa, aqırınlatım, aqırınla, aqırtın, awarĝa, awnarĝa Related to aksırak (Clauson72:95), ağna (Clauson72:87) cognate with Kbal awna. It seems that knocking living things down presumably by striking them in a spot more vital then the Achilles heel, has produced other related meanings since we have Turkish apış arası (the region between the legs), it seems that Trk avrad/avrat (woman, wife) is again linked to this region likely via slang. Now the word avret (privy parts, anything that is kept concealed from public view, woman, wife) is said to be from Arabic (Red:98). Meanwhile the words for hunting in Turkish is avla, and in Karachay-Balkar it is uw. However the original meanings can be found in about a dozen words in Karachay-Balkar, for example, awur, awruw, awuş, possibly *apsak > aksak/asxaq. , and the set of words uw (hunting, poison), aw (fishing net, poison). These three forms of hunting must have been known to all humans at one time. The caves in the Sahara show people catching fish with nets. Poison arrows are used by the Bushmen (San) of Africa as well as the native Americans of the Amazon. The dead-hit, of course, is the Karachay-Balkar goddess Apsatı (pagan goddess of hunting, patron goddess of hunters). Since the original form had a b i.e ab/ap, having to do with falling, hunting, etc (abın, aban, abzıra, abcır, etc) and others derived from it such as awna, awuş, etc, apış would seem to refer to the rear legs of an animal or the region between the rear legs with an analogy to Turkish karış (from the word for arm). This should be compared to the word apış (Turkish). Apış refers to the region between the legs and Karachay-Balkar for that region is aw. That word is used in the same sense as Arabic awrad (Turkish avrat, woman, or avret yeri, pubic area). There might have been a time period in which catching animals was done with something like a bola; several stones tied together with a rope which was used to throw at the rear legs of an animal to cause it to trip. Thus the phrase ‘Apis Bull’ in Sumerian is a big mystery, unless it can be related somehow to the bull worship in the Mideast or to some kind of fertility god. aĝış fr. 1 āĝ-; ‘ascent, rise’ [Clauson72:96] [Vide infra for ģ=b in Sumerian, etc]. 8. abaruh (an object) Nuzi; ← Hurr.? qabarıq (-ĝı) 1. 1) dinner; 2) food, meal, hors d'oevres; 3) edibles 9. abullu(m) f.; pl. abullātu(m) “gate (of city or large building)” [ABUL] a. kawītum “outer gate”; massār a., ša a., mār a., bēl a. “gatekeeper”; OB a. šūdûm “to acquaint s.o. with gate”, i.e. to forbid exit; a. edēlu/pehû “to shut/seal up gate”; Bab. “gate tax”; at Nuzi, as a public authority; transf. “entrance” to region, nether world, heaven etc.; HMHubey—Akkadian-Turkic-A Version_1a Page 5 8/11/2003 abulmaħħu “high gate” j/NB; ← abullu + Sum. maħ Turkish kapı door Turkish kapa to close cabarĝa in diff. senses to close, to cover; eşikni cab close the door; başın ~ to cover; üynü başın ~ to cover the house; amanlıqnı başın ~ to hide a crime; üsün ~ to cover; köknü bulutla cabdıla clouds covered the sky; cabıwnu ~ to draw a curtain; cıyılıwnu ~ to close the meeting Chuvash χup to close up, close in [Krueger61:240] eşik ( - gi) 1) door; qabaq (or arbaz) gate; 2) outside Sumerian gishig ’Tur’ (D.130), ’door’ (EHG,436) Turkic eşik ’kapı’ (KBI,206) [Tuna90: ] Chuvash alak door [Krueger61:215]; eşik 'threshold' [Clauson72:259]; the fact that the word also means ‘outside’ (in Karachay-Balkar) means it is possible that this word could have come from tış, which itself could have come from taş. It could be related to aç (to open). 10. abi(n)gallu (a priest) jB lex.; ← Sum.; ābirtum → ēbirtum tabınırĝa 1) rel. to worship; to esteem; to serve (as to a deity); ullu qaraçayda caŋŋız terekge tabınıb turĝandıla in the Great Karachay they worshipped the lonely tree 2) rel. to be christened; to be asked 3) figurative adore, deify, idolize, worship, bow (to, before); kneel (before) This word likely goes back to the word for fire, heat found in Sumerian, and to related qabın, qabındır, tıbır, tamĝa (stamp, originally brand on animals made with a branding iron), tap (scar), Turkish, kav, tav and other words related to iron-working (metal-working) and smelting. This word is also likely related to Karachay-Balkar toba, Arabic tewbe, and Turkish tövbe. As is well known, the southern Caucasus is the home of the fire-worshippers, and Azerbaijan (see ot) was named after the ubiquitious natural fires from the escaping gases and oil from the ground. Atropatena was established in the year 323 BC on the Azerbaijani –populated territories, which are now in Iran, and the Caucasian Albania in 4-5th century BC on the territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan. We can see the root for fire already in the name. See ot, üt, taba, etc. The Scythian god Tabiti may also be related. According to Miziev, the very common word among Caucasians tamada, may be ‘father/master of the hearth/home’. 11. abru IV a kind of priest abrūtu abru-priesthood See tabın (above) 12. abūsātu pl. tant. “forelock” jB; abūsāt šīri (a deformity); abusin → abušim qabışdırırĝa causative of qabışırĝa 1) to stop, to jam; to stop, to break off; 2) to break, to kill; urub ~ qabışdırıb qoydu he/she has struck and has killed qabışırĝa 1) recipr. - refl. to qabarĝa to bite each other; 2) to stop, lock, freeze; awuzuŋ qabışsın! damnation may you lose your speech! e.g. may your mouth become frozen/stiffened/paralyzed. qollarım suwuqdan qabışxandıla my hands stiffened [froze, got paralyzed, locked] from the cold 3) to die (e.g. stiff) 13. adagu(r)ru, adakurru (a vessel for libations) M/NB, Nuzi [DUG.A.DA.GUR ; DUG.A.DA.GUR ; 5 4 DUG.A.DA.KUR];← SUM. ayaq II (-ĝı) 1) cup, plate, bowl; aĝaç wooden bowl; qancal ~ iron bowl 2) cup, glass, cup; (wine) glass; çın ~ porcelain cup; bitir ~ a cup (as a measure of volume); (See Sumer-Turk from Dr. Tuna e.g. adakur) HMHubey—Akkadian-Turkic-A Version_1a Page 6 8/11/2003 14. adaħa (a garment) Am.; ← e.g.; adakanni → akanni; adakurru → adagurru etek ( - gi) 1) skirt, tail, flap, lap, coattail, 2) geogr. bottom tawnu ~ i bottom of a mountain 3) end; edge(territory): çegetnii ~ edge/border of a wood 4) balk. skirt ; ~ tübüne salırĝa to take under protection; qaraçay ~ lede within the limits of a karachay etek-ceŋ satellite; satrap, accomplice, stooge qatapa text. velvet; qurt (or gırt) ~ velveteen; tuma ~ stuffed velveteen; gepxa ~ velvet with patterns; ~ çepken velvet dress qatlam layer qatlı 1) layered, having layers; köb ~ lı multi-layer; multi-ply; 2) multiple; 3) balk. story; eki ~ üy two- storeyed house 15. adallu ~ “strong” jB lex.; ← Hurr.? qatı-qutu smth. firm, rigid qatdır strong; ~ sabiy the strong child qadama 1) unapproachable; ~ qala unapproachable fortress 2) unshakable; proof qadaw III strong, firm, heavy; ~ taş strong stone qatı I 1) liter., figurative firm, strong, rigid; qurçdan ~ harder than steel; ~ tut hold tight; 2) abrupt; gakkını ~ bişir make a hard-boiled egg; ~ cel strong wind; 3) hard, tight; eşikni ~ et close the door tightly; ~ qıs really tighten 4) heavy, fast; ~ caŋŋur heavy rain; cel ~ bolub baradı wind grows stronger; suwnu ~ barĝan ceri strong current (rapids) of the river; ~ urunuw intensive work; 5) figurative severe, ruthless, rough ~ adam severe man, tyrant, despot; ~ küreş fierce struggle; ~ seleşirge to speak rougly; 6) figurative strict; ~ ustaz strict teacher; ~ nizam severe discipline; Chuvash χıta hard, stiff, firm, earnest [Krueger61:240] 16. ada(m)mu, adumu “red” OAkk, M/jB; Bogh. “red (blood); “red (garment)”; lex., syn. for “important person”; →abadmatu ♣ ♥ ? adantu kadh > kar > kIr > kIz; also Turkish al=red (*ath>al) qızarĝa 1) to be heated, to speed up; have/run a temperature; rot , decay; figurative to burn, to inflame; get/fly into a passion, blaze up, fly into a rage; temir qızĝandı iron is hot; tepseb ~ to be warmed up in dance; qızĝan ot the inflamed fire; qulaqlarım qızadıla my ears burn; oqurĝa ~ to develop a passion for reading; sözge ~ forget oneself in chatter/conversation; Sumerian mir ’anger’ (MSL,IV,35) Turkic kız ’to be angry, cross’. Chuvash kěrle to murmur, rustle, roar [Krueger61:222]. Other related words which seem to still keep their olden form are muruldatırĝa, muruldarĝa, and Turkish mırıldanmak. qızarırĝa 1) liter., figurative to redden; közleri qızarĝandıla his eyes have reddened; suwuqdan betiŋ qızarĝandı your face reddened from the cold; beti qızardı he blushed; qıp-qızıl ~ to be heated to red; qızarĝan közle inflamed eyes; qızarmış bolurĝa to redden; qızarıb qalırĝa to flush red; 3) to be angry; qızara-aĝara between worrying and excitement (reddening and whitening) qızdırırĝa 1) to heat, to heat up; temirni ~ to heat iron; asırı bek ~ to overheat; qannı ~ figurative to warm up blood 2) furnace, burn; kün qızdıradı the sun burns; 3) to cause thirst; bışlaq qızdırĝan etedi the cheese causes thirst; 4) to kindle fire; 5) figurative to beat, flog whom; sabiyni ~ (to beat) the child; 6) figurative to excite 10) figurative to tempt, captivate, provoke, to warm up, to kindle; oyuŋŋa ~ get into the game; qızĝan i. 1) partic. from qızarĝa; 2) hot; heated up, heated; qız 1) girl, maiden; cetgen ~ marriage age girl; HMHubey—Akkadian-Turkic-A Version_1a Page 7 8/11/2003 Chuvash χěr girl, daughter, woman [Krueger61:239]; Chuvash χěr to glow, become glowing [Krueger61:239]; Chuvash χěrlě red [Krueger61:239]; Chuvash χěvel sun [Krueger61:240]; Chuvash χut to heat [Krueger61:240]; kırkın originally maiden, young woman, later perhaps more specifically slave girl [Clauson72:654]; kırnāk a slave girl [Clauson72:661]; kīz ‘girl,unmarried woman’ [Clauson:72:679]; amrak kızı ‘the benign daughters’ [Clauson:72:679]; karī old, old woman [Clauson72:644]; kurtĝā old woman, the feminine equivalent of avıçĝā and, like it, an old word ending in –ĝa: [Clauson72:648]; kış- in the sense of having the sexual organs constricted; sterile, barren, of a woman or animal [Clauson72:668]; As can be seen Türküt still had a word for girl in l~r Turkic form (i.e. with r instead of z). The words having to do with red/reddening, anger, frying, heating etc are from qız i.e. qızarĝa(to be heated, to speed up; have/run a temperature), qızarırĝa (to redden), qızıl (red), qızdırĝıç(heater), qızĝan, qızıldım, qızĝıldım, qızıĝırĝa(to be interested), qızınırĝa (to take a great interest), qızışiw, qıziw, qıziwlaw. The word qızıq meaning “interesting’ exists in Kazakh and Kyrgyz. (The word for old woman, karī, may be related to qart and it may be a coincidence that it shows up similar to kır). All of these words seem to go back to a time in which fire was created by twirling a stick rapidly. The original root of the word for rotation/twirling is bur/buđ. If the word originally was with đ, then we could get the sound changes đ>r, đ>z, đ>d>t (to take into account Chuvash χut). On the other hand, Chuvash may simply be related to common Turkic ot, in which case, the word might have originally had an initial h/x/χ. The anger part of the word shows up as murulda (to grumble). The word for girl is derived via slang. The m~k equivalence between Turkic and Sumerian has been shown by Tuna[90]. There are more examples of this in the words that begin with m in this dictionary. The word for speed shows up as qıziw, qıziwlaw in Karachay-Balkar. In Turkish the word has split into kız and hız. There is another example in which this happened in Turkish: qatun>hatun and qatun>kadın. See qatın, qızarĝa. 17. adāmum, Mari edēmum “to be engaged in” OA, Mari G stat., activit, business matter D ~ G?; →abmūtum adamukku → edamukku; adamutu → adamatu ♥; adanattu → adamatu ♣ adh>ash=ish iş I 1) work, employment (occupation), job, activity, labor; aşıĝış iş urgent work; qara iş physical work; iş berirge a) to give work; b) to give the task; igi iş berirge to give good work; işin bölürge to interrupt work; işinden bölürge (or işin qaldırırĝa) to tear off (to distract)from business (work); iş coqluq unemployment; iş kerek; work tools; iş kiyim working clothes; overalls; işge salıw employment; işge çıĝarĝa to leave to go to work; işden çıĝarĝa to leave from work; işden çıĝarırĝa to dismiss from work; iş cürütürge a) law to conduct business; işi-başı bolmaĝan adam idler; Chuvash ěś work, business, matter, affair [Krueger61:219]; Hittite ishuil ???; Turkish iş, work iş II auxiliary word: awruĝan işmi etedi something happened with him/her?; kelgen iş etmeydi he/she does not come at all (not clearly why); men iş da both I, and others 18. adānum, hadānum (OB often wr. ħa/’a -da-num etc), adannu, adiānu; pl. f. “fixed date, time limit” Bab. (Ass. 4 → edānu) [UD.DUG .GA;U .ŠUR] ūm a. “fixed day”; jB ina lA a. “at the wrong time”; astr. “period”; eqel a. “objective” 4 4 kathan>kashan>kachan; kathan>kadhan>kadan>adan- qaçan when, what time; ~ ŋa deri up to what time, up to when; ~dan beri from what time, since when?; ~ bolsa da sometime; ~da a) always; b) at any time; in general; ol ~da carıq adamdı he in general is a cheerful man; v) in conj. with a verb of negative value never; ~ ese da at one time, there is no time, in certain times; ~ ese da bir at one time Chuvash χăśan, χaśśan when [Krueger61:239]; Turkish ne zaman, when. qaçaŋŋı belonging to which time; ~ haparnı aytasa? Which news are you telling? HMHubey—Akkadian-Turkic-A Version_1a Page 8 8/11/2003 19. adāru(m) ♣ ħadāru “to be dark, gloom” G (a/u) j/NB [KAXGI ]; of day; of gods, people; of heavenly bodies 6 “become obscured”; of plants? D O/jB “darken”, esp. stat. with pānū/ī “look gloomy” Dt jB, NA “become gloomy” Š “darken” j/NB, NA N “become dark”; astr. “become eclipsed” [KAXGI ] OB, j/NB Ntn iter. Of N jB; → adru ♣ adriš, 6 adirtu ♣ addiru; na’duru; tādirtu; udduru addiru “very dark” jB; ← adāru ♣ *kadhadh > kadhang>karang ;; *kadhadh> adhadh> adhar>adar- qara I 1. 1) black, dark; tum ~ very black; ~ erik prunes; ~ cer black earth; ~ qarĝa a) black crow; ~ boyalĝan painted in black; ~ bolurĝa blacken; 2) dark; ~ çaç dark hair; ~ küç physical force; ~ iş physical work; 2. i) mourning; ~ kiyerge to mourn; ~ teşerge to remove(take off) mourning; ~ tutarĝa to observe mourning; ~ açarĝa to terminate observance of mourning; ~ kiyim mourning clothes; ~ baĝana hist. shame pole; ~ buday a) rye; b) buckwheat; ~ caĝarĝa to slander, to dishonor; ~ cürekli ill-intentioned, envious, jealous; ~ ölme (or öltür), cholera; tawuq ~ ölme chicken's cholera; ~ içegile anat. small intestines; ~ kün misfortune, black day; ~ qaĝıt roofing felt ~ qayın bird cherry tree; ~ qış severe winter; ~ nanıq bot. blackberry; ~ saĝış heavy thoughts; ~ suw spring; ~ sılıt eterge a) to exhaust b) to beat ; sılıtın berirge to beat ~; sürürge to intrigue ~ halq idle people; ~ çeget deciduous wood; ~ çibin the fly (ordinary); ~ çuŋŋur tomb (liter. black hole); ~ şinli a) brunette; b) swarty; ~ şkildi bot. Bilberries; ~ et a) meat without bones, fillet b) muscle; butnu ~ etleri muscles (muscle) of a leg; awuz ~ tutarĝa to not talk, to be in quarrel with; Chuvash χura black [Krueger61:240]; The word for black in Dravidian is kala/qala. Dravidian shares the characteristics of not having words beginning with the liquids /l/ and /r/ and not having /f/, and being an agglutinative language. There are other words in common, for example, kel (to hear) [see qulaq]. See Lahovary for more. qarantxa karach. 1) silhouette, shadow; vision qaraŋŋı 1. 1) dark, gloomy, dark; ~ keçe dark night; ~ üy gloomy room; ~ eterge to black out; ~ boldu has darkened; 2) ignorant, uneducated, uncivilized; ~ adam uneducated man; ~ caşaw uncivilized life; ~ oyumla backward ideas; 2. darkness, twilight; ~ da in darkness; iŋŋir ~ twilight; ~ aç ~ on an empty stomach; aşxa-suwĝa ~ close-fisted 20. adāru(m) ♥ “to be afraid (of), fear” G (a/u) NB ēnē a. ‘fear the eyes’ = “with an eye to, in consideration of” D “frighten” OA, jB Štn iter. of Š O/jB Št pass. of Š N “become restless, worry about” OA, OB, jB Ntn iter. of N OA, OB, jB; → adirtu ♥ idirtu; adīru, adīriš; ādiru; mušadiru adīru “fear” M/jB; ← adāru ♥;→ adīriš kadhgu>kaygu (kaygI) kadhar> karar-et> kar-et> kar-ek>kork qayĝı 1) alarm, excitement, experience, anxiety; 2) intrigues, gossip;4) trouble, misfortune ~ aş food, money and others for funeral, which bring the neighbours to family died in first three day after death; ~ söz condolence; ~ söz berirge to express condolence Chuvash χuχχă care, sorrow, grief [Krueger61:240]; Turkish kaygı, worry. qayĝıl 1) disturbing; ~ zaman disturbing time; ~ hapar disturbing a message 2) restless, concerned, anxious, disturbed; 2. 1) intriguer, gossip, taleteller, tale-bearer; scandalmonger 21. addâ “daddy”? OB; addaħšum → andaħšu; addanniš → adanniš; addār → dāru ♣ ata 1. father; ancestor; atam! the father! (the reference(manipulation)), tuwĝan ~ the native father; öge HMHubey—Akkadian-Turkic-A Version_1a Page 9 8/11/2003 ~ stepfather; qayın ~ father-in-law; qart ~ grandfather; tuqum ~ ancestor; ullu ~ grandfather, great- grandfather, ancestor; ~ qarnaş uncle (on the part of the father); ~ -mı egeçi my aunt (on the part of the father); 2 fatherly; ~ sözü fatherly word; ~ üy paternal the house; ~ cürek fatherly heart ata curt native land, fatherland; ~ cer inherited ground; ~ ladan kelgen hereditary Chuvash ate father[Krueger61:216]; See ata-ana, ata-baba; akka, appa, anna, atas, atta, amma, ana. Why did all these words accumulate in Karachay-Balkar? ata-ana ancestors, parental, ata-baba ancestors; bizni ~ larıbız a) our ancestors; b) a niche a family tree ataka(y) affect the daddy atas obsolete father It should be noted that the words for father and mother in Hittite are attas and annas. Although Hittite is said to be an IE language, only about 30% of the words are recognizably IE. See ata, ana, amma, anna, atta, akka, appa, etc appa grandfather akka karach. 1) grandfather; 2) old man; 22. adi, OAkk, OA also adum, NA often adu, also ad “until, as far as” [EN] 1. prep. of time “till”, “within”, “during, in the course of’, also adi/u libbi; ad(ī) innanna; ad(i/un)akanni, adikanna “until now” (→ akanna ♥ ); of space “up to, as far as”, also adi maħar; of amount of silver, degree of hunger; adi ulla “for ever” (→ ulla ♥ ); adi šāri “for all time; everywhere” (→ qadum; before numerals “times, multiplied by” [A.RA], adi šalāšīšu “three times” (→ GAG 71a; OA → ana ♣ 15); OA “concerning, on the subject of”; OAkk adi danniš “very much”; jB adi surriš “instantly” 2. conj. (→ GAG 116c, 173a-g) with pres. “until; Mari “as soon as”; MA “while”; NB kī adi in oath → kī 4; with pret. “until; not before, as soon as”; OA “concenring the fact that”; with stat. “as long as, while” 3. adi lā prep. “before in advance of”; conj. with pres. or pret. “before, as long as … not” 4. adi muħħi NB, occas. NA for adi, prep. of time, space; conj.; mostly adi muħħi ša with pres. or perf. 5. adu/ī bīt NA for adi, as conj. with pres. “until”, with lā “before” 6. Am., Bogh. adv. ~ “indeed, truly” 7. with pron. ştuff. Only in → adīni, adīšu; adianni → adû ♣; adiānu → adānum; adikanna → akanni arI deri= until there arı 1. 1) to there; the other; andan ~ from that place to there; bılaydan ~ from this place to there ; ~ beri hither tither; ne, ~ ne beri tül neither there nor here; alay ~ in that direction; buruwnu ~ canına to the other side of the fence; qaĝıtnı ~ canı the other side of the sheet 2. particles; ~ qara look there; ~ oraq, beri çalqı sickle there and scythe here; arı-beri. there and here; ~ cürürge walk/strut about; ~ deri postposition down to; arı deri a) up to that place; b) while, before that time; up to that point; beri (or bılayĝa) ~ up to this place: busaĝatxa ~ till now; bügüŋŋe ~ until today; qaçaŋŋa ~? up to what time? until when?; taŋŋa ~ till morning; till dawn; ertdemblaĝa ~ till morning; ertdenden iŋŋirge ~ all day long; 23. adru(m) ♥ MA gen. also idri , f.; pl. adrātu and adrū “threshing floor” Ass. as topog. feature; payment ina adr(āt) ♣ “at threshing time”; NA also “courtyard”? ındır threshing-floor, barn; ~ basarĝa to thresh grain; ~ basıw thresh(ing); thrashing; ~ aĝaç (or toqmaq) circuit; aç ~ a temporary current; ~ baĝana ethn. a pole at the centre around of which the bullocks go while threshing ~ güttü ethn. ritual cake in commemoration of a beginning threshing ındırçı the worker on a threshing-floor ındırlıq ( - ĝı) 1) abstr. to ındır; 2) quantity(amount) of sheaves for a single threshing on a threshing- floor 24. adrû “ibex-like” jB desig. of sheep; ←Sum;; adu →adi kodhudh HMHubey—Akkadian-Turkic-A Version_1a Page 10 8/11/2003 armu ♥ ~ “mountain goat” M/NA, M/jB hunted; as decoration; NA kaqqad a. “goat’s head (situla)” arru ♥ (desig. of sheep) jB lex. asliš “like sheep” jB; ← aslu ♣ aslu ♣ “ram; sheep” jB as sacrifice; → asliš (change r>s has taken place) atūdu, dūddu, OA etūdum “wild sheep; ram” OA, M/jB; atūgu → adūgu Tatar sarIk < *karIk (sheep). Uralic(?) kar=sheep Turkic koy, koyun, kon= sheep < *kođuđ 25. atû ♣ jB lex. 1. (a kind of dark wool) 2. (Gutian word for ~ throwing stick) addu ~ “throwstick” M/jB; addû → adû ♦; addunānum → andunānu; addurārum → andurāru atıw gerund atarĝa 1) throwing; a throw; pushing 2) shooting 3) dismissal atıwçu 1) arrows(pointers) 2) euph. liar, cheat, deceiver atarĝa II 1) to throw; taş ~ to throw a stone; qol taş ~ ethn. throw the shotput; tuz ~ to put salts ( for ex. in a soup); kesiŋi otha ~ get/be excited, climb on fire to be angry ( for ex. in dispute); mıllık ~ to be thrown, fall (up)on;; aşarıqĝa mıllıq ~ to attack the food; uzaq bolcalĝa ~ to postpone for long term sadaq ~ to shoot an arrow; birden ~ to fire a volley; atıb başlarĝa to open fire; atıb sınarĝa (or körürge) to test in shooting; 4) to dismiss; işden ~ to dismiss (to expel) from work 5) to sow urluq - to sow 6) euph. lie, tell lies; bu col a atdıŋ deyme in my opinion, this time you lie; Chuvash ıvăt to throw, cast [Krueger61:220] 26. adû ♣ Ass. adiu; pl. adû, adê “(treaty-)oath; supernatural power of an oath” M/NA, M/NB; a.šakānu/tamû/nasāru “to establish/swear/keep a treat”; NA a. ša šarri (“loyalty) oath to king”; j/NB, NA bēl a. “vassal” aytıw II gerund aytırĝa to speak; communicate, make statement etc aytıw I 1) legend; buruŋdan kelgen ~ the ancient legend; 2) hearings, 3) proverb, saying; aytıwçu 1) narrator (of folk tales); tawrux ~ tale-teller, story-teller 2) exponent, spokesman, mouthpiece; halqnı aqılın ~ exponent, spokesman aytıwlu famous aytıwtos balk. same as ataypıs narrator (of folk tales) aytxılı balk. known, glorified, famous; worthy praises ant oath, vow; ~ ım bardı I have given an oath (vow, promise); ~ buzuw (or buzmaklıq) perjury; perfidy, treachery; ~ buzĝan perjural, perfidious, treacherous; ~ qarnaşla brothers on an oath; ~ ıma tüz boldum I did not break my oath; ~ eterge to swear antçı: frequent oath taker, swearer; ~ ötürükçü bolur frequent swearers are liars ant-qarĝış oath-damnation; ~ eterge to swear ant-toba an oath; ~ eterge to swear 27. adû ♥ “now” NB; also enna a. “now then” endi 1. 1) now, nowadays, now, now; 2. present, present, modern Turkish imdi, şimdi, now; aŋarū/iŋarū/inaru: ' up to that (time or place)' [Clauson72:190] Chuvash payan today, now [Krueger61:226]; These words provide evidence that there was a root for time which had the form en/an. endide karach. 1) in present time, nowadays endigi 1) contemporary , modern, present, present-day, up-to-date ; ~ adam the modern man