W588-Remy.qxp_Layout 1 29/08/2014 11:19 Page 1 NETWORKS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERIES LTE (Long Term Evolution) is commonly marketed as C J h e a a 4G. LTE and LTE Advanced have been recognized by r n l - o G ITU-R and ITU-T (International Telecommunications tt a e b r Union – Telecommunications) as the principal solution L i e e t l for the future mobile communication networks a R m e e m standards. They are thus the framework of what the n y d marketing calls 4G and possibly also 5G. ia This book describes various aspects of LTE as well as the change of paradigm, which it is bringing to mobile communications, focusing on LTE standards and architecture, OFDMA, the Full IP Core Network and LTE security. LTE Standards L T E Jean-Gabriel Remyis Professor at the Catholic University of Paris S t (ISEP) in France. He was Chief Scientist at SFR for more than 10 a years. In that position, he participated in the creation of 3GPP, n d actively participating in it until 2010. He is currently an ingénieur a général for the French Ministry of Finance in Paris. r d Charlotte Letamendia works for a French company that operates s in the fields of broadband (broadband and residential terminals), management of documents (printing terminals, software and solutions, digital production workflow), digital set-top boxes (satellite, cable, terrestrial and IP TV) and telecom and energy (M2M, telecommunications infrastructure, smartgrids and Jean-Gabriel Remy metering). Charlotte Letamendia Z(7ib8e8-CBFIIH( www.iste.co.uk LTE Standards Series Editor Pierre-Noël Favennec LTE Standards Jean-Gabriel Remy Charlotte Letamendia First published 2014 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030 UK USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2014 The rights of Jean-Gabriel Remy and Charlotte Letamendia to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2014945533 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-84821-588-7 Contents LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi CHAPTER 1. LTE STANDARDS AND ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1. 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1. 3GPP history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2. 3GPP, the current organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.3. 3GPP releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2. LTE – numbering and addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.2.1. The network IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.2.2. The MME IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.2.3. The tracking area IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.2.4. The Cell IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.2.5. The mobile equipment ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.3. LTE architecture overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3.1. Overall high level description of LTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.3.2. LTE performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.3.3. LTE – QoS architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.4. FDD, TDD, LTE advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.5. Frequencies for LTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.3.6. Basic parameters of LTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.4. Radio access subsystem: eUTRAN (also called eUTRA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 vi LTE Standards 1.4.1. LTE visualization tool from Rohde and Schwartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.4.2. eUTRAN characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.4.3. eUTRAN interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 1.4.4. Signaling on the radio path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.4.5. Physical layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 1.4.6. RLC and MAC layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 1.4.7. Dynamic radio resource management in LTE . . . . . . . . . 51 1.4.8. MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 1.4.9. Macrocells, microcells and femtocells . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 1.5. Core network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 1.5.1. LTE network elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 1.5.2. LTE interfaces [TS 23.401] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 1.5.3. Functional split between the E-UTRAN and the EPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 1.5.4. S1 interface-based handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 1.6. LTE – roaming architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 1.6.1. LTE network mobility management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 1.7. SIM for communications privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 1.7.1. SIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 1.7.2. USIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 1.7.3. ISIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 1.8. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 1.9. Appendix 1: Complete submission of 3GPP LTE release 10 and beyond (LTE-advanced) under step 3 of the IMT-advanced process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 1.9.1. Summary of the candidate submission . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 1.9.2. Classification of the candidate submission . . . . . . . . . . 100 1.9.3. Detailed checklist for the required elements for each candidate RIT within the composite SRIT and/or for the composite SRIT of the candidate submission (to fulfill section 3.1 of ITU-R Report M.2133) . . . . . . . . . . . 100 1.9.4. Additional supporting information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 1.9.5. Contact person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 1.10. Appendix 2: GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) . . . . . . . . . . 102 1.11. Appendix 3: The SGW implementation by CISCO . . . . . . . 107 1.12. Appendix 4: AT&T has LTE small cells “in the lab”: Source Dan Janes, Site Editor, Light Reading mobile [JON 13] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Contents vii CHAPTER 2. OFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 2.1. What is OFDM/OFDMA? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 2.1.1. Claimed OFDMA advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 2.1.2. Recognized disadvantages of OFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 2.1.3. Characteristics and principles of operation . . . . . . . . . . 117 2.2. General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 2.2.1. Cyclic prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 2.3. LTE channel: bandwidths and characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . 124 2.3.1. LTE OFDM cyclic prefix, CP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 2.3.2. LTE OFDMA in the downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 2.3.3. Downlink carriers and resource blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 2.3.4. LTE SC-FDMA in the uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 2.3.5. Transmitter and receiver structure of LP-OFDMA/SC-FDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 2.4. OFDM applied to LTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 2.4.1. General facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 2.4.2. LTE downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2.4.3. Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 2.5. OFDMA in the LTE radio subsystem: OFDMA and SCFDMA in LTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 2.5.1. The downlink physical-layer processing of transport channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 2.5.2. Downlink multi-antenna transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 2.5.3. Uplink basic transmission scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 2.5.4. Physical-layer processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 2.6. Appendix 1: the constraints of mobile radio . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 2.6.1. Doppler effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 2.6.2. Rayleigh/Rice fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 2.6.3. Area of service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 2.6.4. Shadow effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 2.7. Appendix 2: Example of OFDM/OFDMA technological implementation Innovative DSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 2.8. Appendix 3: LTE error correction on the radio path [WIK 14d] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 2.8.1. Hybrid ARQ with soft combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 2.9. Appendix 4: The 700 MHz frequencies in the USA for LTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 2.9.1. Upper and lower 700 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 viii LTE Standards CHAPTER 3. THE FULL IP CORE NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 3.1. Fixed mobile convergence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 3.2. IP multimedia subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 3.2.1. General description of IMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 3.2.2. Session Initiation Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 3.2.3. IMS components and interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 3.3. Evolved packet system in 3GPP standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 3.3.1. Policy and charging rules function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 3.3.2. Release 8 system architecture evolution and evolved packet system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 3.4. Telephony processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 3.4.1. Enhanced voice quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 3.4.2. Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 3.4.3. Simultaneous voice and LTE (SVLTE) . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 3.4.4. Over-The-Top (OTT) applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 3.5. The requirements of VoLTE and V.VoIP applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 3.6. Voice and video over LTE are achieved using voice on IP channels (VoLTE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 3.7. Cut down version of IMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 3.8. Latency management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 3.9. Appendix 1: VoIP tests in UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 CHAPTER 4. LTE SECURITY. SIM/USIM SUBSYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . 207 4.1. LTE security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 4.1.1. Principles of LTE security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 4.1.2. LTE EPC security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 4.1.3. Interfaces protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 4.1.4. Femtocells and relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 4.1.5. Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 4.2. SIM card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 4.2.1. SIM-lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 4.2.2. Electronic component of the UICC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 4.2.3. Form factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 4.2.4. SIM card physical interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 4.2.5. UICC communication protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 4.2.6. Operating system (OS) and virtual machines . . . . . . . . . 223 4.2.7. (U)SIM authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 4.2.8. LTE USIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 4.2.9. ISIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226