(cid:2) Low-costSmartAntennas (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) MicrowaveandWirelessTechnologiesSeries SeriesEditor,ProfessorSteven(Shichang)Gao,ChairofRFandMicrowaveEngineering, and the Director of Postgraduate Research at School of Engineering and Digital Arts, UniversityofKent,UK. Microwave and wireless industries have experienced significant development dur- ingrecentdecades.Newdevelopmentssuchas5Gmobilecommunications,broadband satellitecommunications,high-resolutionearthobservation,theInternetofThings,the Internet of Space, THz technologies, wearable electronics, 3D printing, autonomous driving,artificialintelligenceetc.willenablemoreinnovationsinmicrowaveandwire- lesstechnologies.TheMicrowaveandWirelessTechnologiesBookSeriesaimstopub- lish a number of high-quality books covering topics of areas of antenna theory and technologies,radiopropagation,radiofrequency,microwave,millimetre-waveandTHz devices,circuitsandsystems,electromagneticfieldtheoryandengineering,electromag- neticcompatibility,photonicsdevices,circuitsandsystems,microwavephotonics,new materialsforapplicationsintomicrowaveandphotonics,newmanufacturingtechnolo- giesformicrowaveandphotonicsapplications,wirelesssystemsandnetworks. (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Low-cost Smart Antennas QiLuo,andSteven(Shichang)Gao UniversityofKent,Canterbury,UK WeiLiu UniversityofSheffield,Sheffield,UK ChaoGu UniversityofKent,Canterbury,UK (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2019 ©2019JohnWiley&SonsLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailable athttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofQiLuo,Steven(Shichang)Gao,WeiLiuandChaoGutobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthiswork hasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Luo,Qi,1982-author.|Gao,Steven(Shichang),author.|Liu,Wei,1974-author.| Gu,Chao,1986Sept.24-author. Title:Low-costsmartantennas/QiLuo,Steven(Shichang)Gao,WeiLiu,andChaoGu. Description:Firstedition.|Hoboken,NJ:Wiley,[2019]|Series: Microwaveandwirelesstechnologiesseries|Includesbibliographical referencesandindex.| Identifiers:LCCN2018042667(print)|LCCN2018050919(ebook)|ISBN 9781119422792(AdobePDF)|ISBN9781119422877(ePub)|ISBN9781119422778 (hardcover) Subjects:LCSH:Adaptiveantennas. Classification:LCCTK7871.67.A33(ebook)|LCCTK7871.67.A33L862019 (print)|DDC621.3841/35–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018042667 CoverDesign:Wiley CoverImages:Abstracttexture©AboutnuyLove/iStock.com,Vectormockup©ExtraDryRain/iStock.com, SUV©Henrik5000/iStock.com,Airplane©lvcandy/iStock.com,Broadcastsatellite© Madmaxer/iStock.com,Cellularcamera©Flamell/iStock.com,High-speedtrain©Nerthuz/iStock.com, Low-costsmartantennacourtesyoftheauthors Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (cid:2) (cid:2) v Contents Preface ix Acknowledgement xi ListofAbbreviations xiii 1 IntroductiontoSmartAntennas 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 AntennaFundamentals 2 1.2.1 AntennaImpedanceandBandwidth 2 1.2.2 RadiationPatternsandEfficiency 4 1.2.3 Polarisations 8 (cid:2) 1.3 AntennaArrayFundamentals 9 (cid:2) 1.3.1 ArrayPerformanceAnalysis 12 1.3.2 ActiveReflectionCoefficientandMutualCoupling 12 1.3.3 DirectivityandBeamwidth 14 1.3.4 GratingLobe 15 1.3.5 ScanBlindness 16 1.4 SmartAntennaArchitectureandHardwareImplementation 17 1.4.1 ADCandDAC 20 1.4.2 DigitalDown-Converter(DDC) 20 1.4.3 DigitalSignalProcessor 20 1.4.4 Field-programmableGateArray 21 1.5 OverviewoftheBook 22 References 23 2 BeamformingAlgorithmsforSmartAntennas 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 BasicConceptsforBeamforming 27 2.3 FixedBeamformerDesign 30 2.3.1 FIRFilterBasedDesign 30 2.3.2 LeastSquaresBasedDesign 32 2.3.3 BeamSteering 33 2.4 AdaptiveBeamformingAlgorithms 36 2.4.1 ReferenceSignalBasedBeamformer 36 2.4.2 TheCaponBeamformer 38 2.5 BlindBeamformingAlgorithms 40 (cid:2) (cid:2) vi Contents 2.5.1 ThePowerMinimisationAlgorithm 40 2.5.2 TheConstantModulusAlgorithm 42 2.6 Low-costAdaptiveBeamforming 43 2.6.1 AnalogueandDigitalHybridBeamforming 43 2.6.2 RobustAdaptiveBeamforming 45 2.7 SummaryoftheChapter 50 References 50 3 ElectronicallySteerableParasiticArray 59 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 TheoryandOperationPrinciple 59 3.3 Low-costFolded-monopoleESPAR 63 3.4 ESPARAntennawithLowControlVoltage 70 3.4.1 FM-ESPARusingPINdiodes 70 3.4.2 LinkQualityTest 72 3.5 PlanarESPARAntennas 75 3.6 CaseStudies 86 3.6.1 ESPARusingMonopole 86 3.6.2 PlanarUltra-thinESPAR 90 3.7 SummaryoftheChapter 98 References 99 (cid:2) 4 Beam-ReconfigurableAntennasUsingActiveFrequencySelective (cid:2) Surfaces 103 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 FSSFundamentalsandActiveFSSs 104 4.2.1 FSSElements 104 4.2.2 DielectricLoadingEffects 105 4.2.3 FSSAnalysisTechniques 106 4.2.4 ActiveMetalStripFSS 107 4.2.5 ActiveSlotFSS 111 4.2.6 ActiveFSSBiasingTechniques 113 4.3 Monopole-fedBeam-switchingAntennausingAFSS 114 4.4 Dual-BandBeam-SwitchingAntennausingAFSS 120 4.5 3DBeamCoverageofElectronicBeam-SwitchingAntennausingFSS 125 4.6 Frequency-agileBeam-switchableAntenna 138 4.7 ContinuousBeam-steeringAntennasusingFSSs 145 4.8 CaseStudy 153 4.9 SummaryoftheChapter 159 References 160 5 BeamReconfigurableReflectarraysandTransmitarrays 165 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 ReflectarrayandTransmitarrayDesignFundamentals 166 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents vii 5.2.1 Reflectarrays 166 5.2.2 Transmitarrays 169 5.3 BeamReconfigurableReflectarrays 171 5.3.1 Multi-feedReflectarray 171 5.3.2 ReflectarraywithRFSwitches 174 5.3.3 ReflectarraywithTunableComponents 177 5.4 BeamReconfigurableTransmitarray 181 5.5 CircularlyPolarisedBeam-steerableReflectarraysandTransmitarrays 185 5.6 CaseStudy 189 5.7 SummaryoftheChapter 195 References 196 6 CompactMIMOAntennaSystems 199 6.1 Introduction 199 6.2 MIMOAntennas 199 6.2.1 Isolation 200 6.2.2 EnvelopeCorrelationCoefficient 201 6.2.3 TotalActiveReflectionCoefficient 202 6.3 CompactMIMOAntennawithHighIsolation 203 6.3.1 NeutralisationTechnique 203 6.3.2 Metamaterial 205 6.3.3 DecouplingNetwork 209 (cid:2) 6.4 CompactMIMOAntennawithAdaptiveRadiationPatterns 215 (cid:2) 6.5 CaseStudies 218 6.5.1 IncreasethePhysicalSeparation 220 6.5.2 ChangetheAntennaOrientation 220 6.5.3 ModifytheGroundPlane 222 6.5.4 Summary 224 6.6 SummaryoftheChapter 225 References 225 7 OtherTypesofLow-costSmartAntennas 229 7.1 Introduction 229 7.2 LensAntennas 229 7.2.1 LensAntennaBasics 229 7.2.2 Millimetre-waveLensAntennaDesign 231 7.3 RetrodirectiveArrayAntenna 236 7.3.1 VanAlttaArray 237 7.3.2 PhaseConjugatingArray 239 7.4 Fabry–PerotResonatorAntennas 243 7.5 Array-fedReflector 246 7.5.1 OperationPrinciple 246 7.5.2 Beam-switchingPerformance 251 7.6 MultibeamAntennasbasedonBFN 253 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Contents 7.6.1 ButlerMatrix 253 7.6.2 RotmanLens 257 7.6.3 BlassandNolenmatrices 259 7.7 SummaryoftheChapter 261 References 262 Index 267 (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2)