appendices Lord Howe isLand Biodiversity ManageMent pLan © Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW), 2007. This work is copyright. However, material presented in this plan may be copied for personal use or published for educational purposes, providing that any extracts are fully acknowledged. Apart from this and any other use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior written permission from the Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW). Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) 59-61 Goulbourn Street (PO Box A290) Sydney South NSW 1232 Phone: (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard) Phone: 131 555 (information & publications requests) TTY: (02) 9211 4723 Fax: (02) 9995 5999 Email: [email protected] Website: www.environment.nsw.gov.au Requests for information or comments regarding the Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan Appendices are best directed to: The Lord Howe Island Recovery Co-ordinator Biodiversity Conservation Section, Climate Change and Environment Protection Group, North East Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) Locked Bag 914 Coffs Harbour NSW 2450 Phone: 02 6651 5946 Cover photography: Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra) Photo: Ian Hutton Lord Howe Lord Howe Knicker Nut Island Golden Island Southern (Caesalpinia Whistler (Pach- Gecko (Christi- bonduc) ycephala pectora- nus guentheri) Photo: Ian lis contempa) Photo: Ian Hutton Photo: Ian Hutton Hutton This plan should be cited as follows: Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW) 2007, Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan Appendices, Department of Environment and Climate Change (NSW), Sydney. ISBN 978 1 74122 598 3 October 2007 DECC 2007/469 Introduction The Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan constitutes the formal National and NSW Recovery Plan for threatened species and communities of the Lord Howe Island Group and, as such, considers the conservation requirements of these species within the Group. It also addresses significant species and communities so as to manage the Lord Howe Island Group’s biodiversity in a holistic and cost-effective manner. This plan identifies the actions to be taken to ensure the long-term viability of the threatened species and communities of the Lord Howe Island Group in nature and the parties who will undertake these actions. The Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan is presented in two documents. The first document consists of the main body of the plan, this document contains the appendices that accompany the main plan. Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan i Contents Appendix 1 Species list for Lord Howe Island Group ......................................................1 1.1 Vascular Flora.........................................................................................................................1 1.2 Vegetation communities recognised in LHI Biodiversity Management Plan.......................14 1.3 Vertebrate fauna and threatened invertebrate fauna...........................................................16 Appendix 2 Invertebrates of the Lord Howe Island Group Considered Threatened*.....22 Appendix 3 Threat tables for flora, vegetation communities, and vertebrate and invertebrate fauna..........................................................................................................30 Appendix 4 Biodiversity Forecasting Tool......................................................................44 4.1 Methods.................................................................................................................................44 4.2 Biodiversity Forecasting Outputs..........................................................................................49 Appendix 5 Fauna, Flora and Community Profiles........................................................63 Fauna Profiles...............................................................................................................63 Lord Howe Island Gecko (Christinus guentheri)..........................................................................64 Lord Howe Island Skink (Cyclodina lichenigera).........................................................................65 White-faced Heron (Ardea novaehollandiae)..............................................................................66 Australian Kestrel (Falco cenchroides)........................................................................................67 Pacific Black Duck (Anas superciliosa).......................................................................................68 Buff-banded Rail (Gallirallus philippensis)...................................................................................69 Lord Howe Woodhen (Tricholimnas sylvestris)...........................................................................70 Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio).....................................................................................72 Masked Lapwing (Vanellus miles)...............................................................................................73 Emerald Ground-dove (Chalcophaps indica)..............................................................................74 Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae)...........................................................................................75 Sacred Kingfisher (Todiramphus sanctus)...................................................................................76 Welcome Swallow (Hirundo neoxena).........................................................................................77 Blackbird (Turdus merula)............................................................................................................78 Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos)................................................................................................79 Lord Howe Golden Whistler (Pachycephala pectoralis contempta)............................................80 Lord Howe White-eye (Zosterops tephropleura).........................................................................81 Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)............................................................................................82 Magpie Lark (Grallina cyanoleuca)..............................................................................................83 Lord Howe Island Currawong (Strepera graculina crissalis).......................................................84 Providence Petrel (Pterodroma solandri).....................................................................................85 Kermadec Petrel (western subspecies) (Pterodroma neglecta neglecta)...................................87 Black-winged Petrel (Pterodroma nigripennis)............................................................................88 Flesh-footed Shearwater (Puffinus carneipes)............................................................................89 Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus).............................................................................91 Little Shearwater (Puffinus assimilis)...........................................................................................92 White-bellied Storm Petrel (Fregetta grallaria)............................................................................94 Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra fullageri)....................................................................................95 Red-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda)..............................................................................97 Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan ii Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata).........................................................................................................99 Brown Noddy/Common Noddy (Anous stolidus).......................................................................101 Black Noddy (Anous minutus)....................................................................................................102 White Tern (Gygis alba).............................................................................................................103 Grey Ternlet (Procelsterna cerulea)...........................................................................................105 Lord Howe Island Earthworm (Pericryptodrilus nanus).............................................................106 Lord Howe Phasmid (Dryococelus australis).............................................................................107 Lord Howe Island Wood-feeding Cockroach (Panesthia lata)..................................................108 Lord Howe Island Placostylus (Placostylus bivaricosus)...........................................................109 Flora Profiles...............................................................................................................110 Alyxia lindii..................................................................................................................................111 Alyxia squamulosa.....................................................................................................................112 Apium prostratum ssp. howense Sea Celery..........................................................................113 Asplenium goudeyi......................................................................................................................114 Asplenium milnei........................................................................................................................115 Asplenium pteridoides................................................................................................................116 Asplenium surrogatum...............................................................................................................117 Atractocarpus stipularis Green Plum......................................................................................118 Blechnum contiguum..................................................................................................................119 Blechnum fullagarii.....................................................................................................................120 Blechnum geniculatum...............................................................................................................121 Blechnum howeanum.................................................................................................................122 Boehmeria calophleba................................................................................................................123 Brachyscome segmentosa.........................................................................................................124 Caesalpinia bonduc Knicker Nut.............................................................................................125 Calystegia affinis........................................................................................................................126 Carmichaelia exsul.....................................................................................................................127 Cassinia tenuifolia Bully Bush.................................................................................................128 Celtis conferta ssp. amblyphylla Cotton Wood.......................................................................129 Cephalomanes bauerianum.......................................................................................................130 Chamaesyce psammogeton.......................................................................................................131 Chionanthus quadristamineus Blue Plum...............................................................................132 Chionochloa howensis...............................................................................................................133 Coprosma huttoniana.................................................................................................................134 Coprosma inopinata...................................................................................................................135 Coprosma lanceolaris.................................................................................................................136 Coprosma prisca Goatwood....................................................................................................137 Coprosma putida Stinkwood...................................................................................................138 Coprosma sp. nov......................................................................................................................139 Corokia carpodetoides...............................................................................................................140 Cryptocarya gregsonii Blackbutt.............................................................................................141 Cyathea brevipinna....................................................................................................................142 Cyathea howeana......................................................................................................................143 Cyathea macarthurii...................................................................................................................144 Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan iii Cyathea robusta.........................................................................................................................145 Dendrobium macropus ssp. howeanum....................................................................................146 Dendrobium moorei....................................................................................................................147 Dianella intermedia.....................................................................................................................148 Dietes robinsoniana Wedding Lily..........................................................................................149 Diplazium melanochlamys..........................................................................................................150 Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii Fitzgeraldii Tree.............................................................................151 Drypetes deplanchei ssp. affinis Greybark.............................................................................152 Dysoxylum pachyphyllum Island Apple..................................................................................153 Elaeocarpus costatus.................................................................................................................154 Elatostema grande.....................................................................................................................155 Exocarpus homalocladus...........................................................................................................156 Ficus macrophylla ssp. columnaris Banyan............................................................................157 Gahnia howeana........................................................................................................................158 Geniostoma huttonii...................................................................................................................159 Geniostoma petiolosum..............................................................................................................160 Gonocarpus sp...........................................................................................................................161 Grammitis diminuta.....................................................................................................................162 Grammitis nudicarpa..................................................................................................................163 Grammitis wattsii........................................................................................................................164 Guioa coriacea Island Cedar..................................................................................................165 Hedyscepe canterburyana Big Mountain Palm......................................................................166 Howea belmoreana Curly Palm..............................................................................................167 Howea forsteriana Kentia Palm..............................................................................................168 Hymenophyllum howense..........................................................................................................169 Hymenophyllum moorei..............................................................................................................170 Korthalsella emersa....................................................................................................................171 Lastreopsis nephrodioides.........................................................................................................172 Lepidium howei-insulae..............................................................................................................173 Lepidium nesophilum.................................................................................................................174 Lepidorrhachis mooreana Little Mountain Palm.....................................................................175 Leptopteris moorei......................................................................................................................176 Leptospermum polygalifolium ssp. howense Tea Tree..........................................................177 Lordhowea insularis...................................................................................................................178 Luzula longiflora.........................................................................................................................179 Machaerina insularis..................................................................................................................180 Macropiper excelsum ssp. psittacorum Kava.........................................................................181 Macropiper hooglandii Kava...................................................................................................182 Marattia howeana........................................................................................................................183 Marsdenia tubulosa....................................................................................................................184 Melaleuca howeana Tea Tree................................................................................................185 Melicope contermina..................................................................................................................186 Melicope polybotrya...................................................................................................................187 Melicytus novae-zelandieae ssp. centurionis............................................................................188 Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan iv Metrosideros nervulosa Mountain Rose.................................................................................189 Metrosideros sclerocarpa Mountain Rose..............................................................................190 Negria rhabdothamnoides Pumpkin Tree...............................................................................191 Olearia ballii Mountain Daisy.................................................................................................192 Olearia elliptica ssp. praetermissa.............................................................................................193 Olearia mooneyi.........................................................................................................................194 Pandanus forsteri Forked Tree...............................................................................................195 Pandorea pandorana ssp. austrocaledonia...............................................................................196 Parsonsia howeana....................................................................................................................197 Passiflora herbertiana ssp. insulae-howei.................................................................................198 Phymatosorus pustulatus ssp. howensis....................................................................................199 Pimelea congesta.......................................................................................................................200 Pittosporum erioloma..................................................................................................................201 Plantago hedleyi.........................................................................................................................202 Plectorrhiza erecta......................................................................................................................203 Polyscias cissodendron Island Pine.......................................................................................204 Polystichium moorei...................................................................................................................205 Polystichium whiteleggei.............................................................................................................206 Pouteria myrsinoides ssp. reticulata Axe-handle Wood.........................................................207 Psychotria carronis Black Grape............................................................................................208 Pteris microptera........................................................................................................................209 Rapanea mccommishii...............................................................................................................210 Rapanea myrtillina......................................................................................................................211 Rapanea platystigma..................................................................................................................212 Rytidosperma unarede...............................................................................................................213 Scaevola taccada.......................................................................................................................214 Senecio howeanus.....................................................................................................................215 Senecio pauciradiatus................................................................................................................216 Solanum bauerianum.................................................................................................................217 Sophora howinsula Lignum Vitae...........................................................................................218 Stephania japonica var. timoriensis...........................................................................................219 Symplocus candelabrum............................................................................................................220 Syzygium fullagarii Scalybark.................................................................................................221 Trophis scandens ssp. megacarpa............................................................................................222 Uncinia debilor............................................................................................................................223 Wahlenbergia insulae-howei......................................................................................................224 Westringia viminalis....................................................................................................................225 Xylosma maidenii.......................................................................................................................226 Xylosma parvifolium...................................................................................................................227 Zygogynum howeanum Hotbark.............................................................................................228 Communities................................................................................................................229 Alyxia squamulosa-Coprosma inopinata Dwarf Scrub..............................................................230 Basalt Boulder Beach.................................................................................................................231 Blackbutt (Cryptocarya gregsonii) Closed Forest......................................................................232 Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan v Big Mountain Palm (Hedyscepe canterburyana) Closed Sclerophyll Forest............................233 Blue Plum (Chionanthus quadristamineus) Closed Forest.......................................................234 Boehmeria calophleba-Macropiper hooglandii Closed Scrub...................................................235 Bully Bush (Cassinia tenuifolia) Closed Scrub..........................................................................236 Calcarenite and Coral Boulder Beach.......................................................................................237 Cliff .............................................................................................................................................238 Coral Sand Beach and Dune.....................................................................................................239 Curly Palm (Howea belmoreana) Closed Sclerophyll Forest....................................................240 Fitzgeraldii-Mountain Rose (Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii–Metrosideros nervulosa) Closed Scrub.... .............................................................................................................................................241 Five-leaf Morning Glory-Pigface (Ipomoea cairica–Carpobrotus glaucescens) Herbfield........242 Forked Tree (Pandanus forsteri) Closed Sclerophyll Forest.....................................................243 Greybark-Blackbutt (Drypetes deplanchei–Cryptocarya triplinervis) Closed Forest.................244 Greybark-Blackbutt (Drypetes deplanchei–Cryptocarya triplinervis) Low Closed Forest on Exposed Calcarenite..................................................................................................................245 Greybark-Blackbutt (Drypetes deplanchei–Cryptocarya triplinervis) Low Closed Forest on Exposed Basalt..........................................................................................................................246 Hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa) Closed Scrub.............................................................................247 Hotbark-Fitzgeraldii (Zygogynum howeanum–Dracophyllum fitzgeraldii) Gnarled Mossy Closed Forest..........................................................................................................................................248 Kentia Palm (Howea forsteriana) Closed Sclerophyll Forest....................................................249 Leafy Flat Sedge (Cyperus lucidus) Sedgeland........................................................................250 Lowland Freshwater Instream....................................................................................................251 Lowland Mixed Closed Forest....................................................................................................252 Mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum) Closed Swamp Scrub......................................................253 Mangrove (Avicennia marina var australasica) Open Swamp Scrub........................................254 Mixed Fern and Herb..................................................................................................................255 Poa poiformis Grassland............................................................................................................256 Saltbush (Atriplex cinerea) Dwarf Scrub....................................................................................257 Sallywood (Lagunaria patersonia) Closed Swamp Forest........................................................258 Scalybark (Syzygium fullagarii) Closed Forest..........................................................................259 Tea Tree (Melaleuca howeana) Closed Scrub..........................................................................260 Upland Freshwater Instream......................................................................................................261 Waterfall Cliff..............................................................................................................................262 Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan vi Figures Figure A An example of a threat layer input for the Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan - the distribution of Cherry Guava on Lord Howe Island (from Smith 2002)................................46 Figure B. Process for deriving future habitat from current habitat, threats and a habitat/threat table......47 Figure C. Persistence area relationship assumed for the Biodiversity Forecasting Toolkit......................47 Figure D Areas of predicted biodiversity persistence for flora of the LHIG..............................................51 Figure E Areas of predicted biodiversity persistence for sea birds of the LHIG......................................52 Figure F Areas of predicted biodiversity persistence for threatened invertebrates of the LHIG..............53 Figure G Areas of predicted biodiversity persistence for invertebrate groups.........................................54 Figure H Areas where future clearing is predicted to have the greatest impact on sea birds..................60 Figure I Areas where weed invasion is predicted to have the greatest impact on flora biodiversity values ..................................................................................................................................................61 Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan vii Appendix 1 Species list for Lord Howe Island Group 1.1 Vascular Flora LHI=LHI endemic; ^= LHI native (occurring on LHI pre-settlement) but not endemic; *=naturalised exotic (reproducing in the wild on LHI); < = possibly extinct, but not listed on either the TS C Act or EPBC Act as extinct; - not covered by Biodiversity Management Plan (non-terrestrial sea grasses). E = Endangered; CE = Critically Endangered. Taxonomy follows Flora of Australia (1994) unless more recent revision available. Origin Scientific Name Common Name TSC EPBC Priority ^ Achyranthes aspera * Acokanthera oblongifolia Septic Tree * Actites megalocarpa ^ Adiantum aethiopicum Maidenhair Fern ^ Adiantum aldroviride A Maidenhair Fern ^ Adiantum hispidulum Rough Maidenhair Fern ^ Adiantum pubescens A Maidenhair Fern ^ Aegicerus corniculatum River Mangrove * Agapanthus praecox ssp. Orientalis Agapanthus * Agave americana Century Plant * Ageratina adenophora Croton Weed * Ageratum conyzoides Billy-goat Weed ^ Agrostis aemula * Agrostis gigantea Red-top Bent * Aloe arborescens * Aloe ciliaris Aloe * Aloe maculata Aloe * Alstroemeria pulchella Christmas Lily * Alternanthera bettzichiana LHI Alyxia lindii (cid:1) ^ Alyxia ruscifolia Prickly Alyxia LHI Alyxia squamulosa (cid:1) * Amaranthus blitum Amaranth * Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel * Andredera cordifolia Madeira Vine * Apium graveolens Celery LHI Apium prostratum ssp. howense Sea Celery (cid:1) ^ Arachniodes aristata * Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk Island Pine Lord Howe Island Biodiversity Management Plan 1