Locality and the Architecture of Syntactic Dependencies 0 2 4- 0 1- 1 0 2 ct - e n n o C e v a gr al P o - s m o Tr et i k e ot bli bi s et sit er v ni U o d t e s n e c m - li o c ct. e n n o c e v a gr al p w. w w m o al fr eri at m ht g yri p o C 10.1057/9780230597471 - Locality and the Architecture of Syntactic Dependencies, Luis López 0 2 4- 0 1- 1 0 2 This page intentionally left blank ct - e n n o C e v a gr al P o - s m o Tr et i k e ot bli bi s et sit er v ni U o d t e s n e c m - li o c ct. e n n o c e v a gr al p w. w w m o al fr eri at m ht g yri p o C 10.1057/9780230597471 - Locality and the Architecture of Syntactic Dependencies, Luis López Locality and the Architecture of Syntactic Dependencies 0 2 4- 0 1- 1 0 2 Luis Lopez ct - e University of Illinois-Chicago, USA nn o C e v a gr al P o - s m o Tr et i k e ot bli bi s et sit er v ni U o d t e s n e c m - li o c ct. e n n o c e v a gr al p w. w w m o al fr eri at m ht g yri p o C 10.1057/9780230597471 - Locality and the Architecture of Syntactic Dependencies, Luis López © Luis Lopez 2007 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 0 Tottenham Court Road, London WIT 4LP. 4-2 0 Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication 11- 0 may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. ct - 2 The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work ne in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. on C e First published 2007 by av PALGRAVE MACMILLAN algr H17o5u nFdifmthi llAsv, eBnausein, gNsetowk eY,o Hrka,m Np. Ysh. i1r0e0 R1G0 21 6XS and so - P m Companies and representatives throughout the world o Tr PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave et i Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. ek ot Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom bli and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European bi s Union and other countries. et sit ISBN-13: 978-0-230-50772-2 hardback ver ISBN-10: 0-230-50772-7 hardback Uni o This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully d t e managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing s n processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the ce country of origin. m - li o A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. c ct. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ne n Lopez, Luis, 1965- co e Locality and the architecture of syntactic dependencies / Luis Lopez. av p. cm. algr Includes bibliographical references and index. w.p ISBN-13: 978-0-230-50772-2 (cloth : hardback) w w ISBN-10: 0-230-50772-7 (cloth: hardback) m gra1m. Gmraamr. mI. aTri,t lCe.o mparative and general—Syntax. 2. Generative erial fro P295.L67 2007 mat 415-<ic22 ht g 2006046892 yri p o C 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne 10.1057/9780230597471 - Locality and the Architecture of Syntactic Dependencies, Luis López Contents 0 2 4- 0 1- 1 0 2 ct - e n n o C e Preface ix av gr al P o - s m o 1 Introduction 1 et i Tr k e 1.1 Complexity and crash-proof derivations 3 bliot bi 1.1.1 Restricting the access of C L to F 4 s H et 1.1.2 Selection and clause architecture 5 sit er v 1.1.3 Simple and complex operations 7 ni U 1.1.4 Locality 10 d to e 1.1.5 Look-ahead 12 s n e 1.2 1In.2t.e1r venMtiaotnc h and Agree 1144 om - lic c 1.2.2 Features and the MLC 15 ct. e n 1.3 Proposal 21 on c e 1.3.1 Move as a reactive operation 21 v a gr 1.3.2 Agree as a reactive operation 23 al p 1.3.3 Agree, Move, Complex Dependencies 25 ww. w m o al fr eri 2 Agree, Move, A-dependencies 27 at m ht g 2.1 Introduction 27 pyri o 2.2 Clause structure and selection 27 C 2.3 Agree 33 2.3.1 Agree and Case 33 2.3.2 Case assigners 35 2.3.3 Arguments that C assigns Case in English 39 2.3.4 Default features 42 2.3.5 Specs as probes 45 10.1057/9780230597471 - Locality and the Architecture of Syntactic Dependencies, Luis López vi Locality and the architecture of syntactic dependencies 2.4 Locality 48 2.4.1 The problem of locality 48 2.4.2 A proposal for local Agree 50 2.4.3 Complex Dependencies 51 2.4.4 Move 58 0 2 2.4.5 Movement chains 64 04- 1- 1 2.5 Agree and Move 64 0 2 2.5.1 Occurrences: can we get rid of movement? 65 ct - e n 2.5.2 Move does not involve Agree 66 on C 2.5.3 Superraising 72 ve a 2.5.4 Conclusions 76 algr P 2.6 Features 77 o - s m 2.6.1 Valuation+Spell-out+Deletion 77 o Tr 2.6.2 Misleading MS features 79 et i k 2.6.3 MS features and semantic features 83 ote 2.6.4 Structure 86 bibli s 2.6.5 Gender 89 et sit 2.6.6 The phonetic matrix 91 er v ni 2.6.7 Feature deletion 92 U o 2.6.8 Spell-out of closed cycles 94 d t e s 2.6.9 The Derivational Cycle (final version) 95 en c 2.7 Analyses 97 m - li 2.7.1 Accusative Case and transitivity 97 co ct. 2.7.2 Nominative Case 100 ne n 2.8 Conclusions 103 co e v a gr al p w. w 3 Complex Dependencies: Nominative Objects 106 m w o al fr 3.1 Introduction 106 eri at 3.2 Why the person-number restriction is not a simple problem 108 m ht 3.3 Complex Dependencies and the person-number restriction 112 yrig p 3.4 Indefinite SE 118 o C 3.4.1 Introduction: Raposo and Uriagereka (1996) 118 3.4.2 A critique of Raposo and Uriagereka (1996) 123 3.4.3 Agreement and the person-number constraint 126 3.4.4 The proposal 128 10.1057/9780230597471 - Locality and the Architecture of Syntactic Dependencies, Luis López Contents vii 3.5 Quirky subject constructions in Icelandic 132 3.5.1 Core properties 132 3.5.2 T and the nominative IA 140 3.5.3 DAT and NOM forming a Complex Dependency 141 3.5.4 The intervention of K 146 0 2 4- 3.5.5 v(EXP) and the nominative IA 149 0 1- 1 3.5.6 Some complex patterns in raising to object 153 20 3.5.7 Agreement and binding 155 ct - e n 3.5.8 A note on diachronic syntax 155 on C 3.5.9 Conclusions 156 ve a 3.6 Spanish quirky constructions 157 algr P 3.6.1 Introduction 157 o - s m 3.6.2 Spanish as a DCL 159 o Tr 3.6.3 Who is the subject in quirky constructions? 162 et i k 3.6.4 Quirky and the clitic 167 ote 3.6.5 The "craving" examples 174 bibli s 3.7 *Melui 175 et sit 3.8 Japanese nominative objects 178 er v ni 3.8.1 The basic data 178 U o 3.8.2 Proposal 179 d t e s 3.8.3 Competing analyses 181 en c 3.8.4 An alternative solution 189 m - li 3.8.5 Multiple subject and raising to object 190 co ct. 3.9 Conclusions 192 ne n o c e v a gr al p 4 Complex Dependencies: the Quirkiest Subject 194 w. w w m 4.1 Introduction 194 al fro 4.2 Analyses of expletives: from Safir (1982) to Chomsky (2000,2001a) 195 eri at 4.3 Expletive and associate 200 m ht 4.4 Nonnominative associates 204 g yri 4.5 Nominative associates 207 op C 4.6 English 212 4.6.1 A different person restriction 212 4.6.2 Phrase structure of locatives 214 4.6.3 Locative and associate 221 4.6.4 Addressing the constraint 225 10.1057/9780230597471 - Locality and the Architecture of Syntactic Dependencies, Luis López Vlll Locality and the architecture of syntactic dependencies 4.7 Expletive, numerations and Merge-over-Move 230 4.7.1 * There is likely a monk to be in the cloister 231 4.7.2 There is a man likely to be committed to the madhouse 235 4.7.3 Analysis 236 4.7.4 * There is likely there to be a man in the madhouse 239 0 2 4- 4.7.5 There seems a man to be in the madhouse 240 0 1- 1 4.8 Expletives and word order 243 20 4.8.1 Passive ditransitives 243 ct - e n 4.8.2 Passive transitives and TH/EX 247 on C 4.8.3 Unaccusatives 249 ve a gr 4.9 Transitive Expletive Constructions 252 al P 4.10 Conclusions 259 o - s m o Tr et i k e ot References 260 bibli s et sit Index 273 ver ni U o d t e s n e c m - li o c ct. e n n o c e v a gr al p w. w w m o al fr eri at m ht g yri p o C 10.1057/9780230597471 - Locality and the Architecture of Syntactic Dependencies, Luis López Preface 0 2 4- 0 1- 1 0 2 ct - e n n o C e v a This monograph is an attempt at developing a simple, crash-proof algr P derivational model of syntax, as suggested by Frampton and Guttman o - s (2002). I argue that the only way to avoid computational complexity is by om Tr taking the operations Agree and Move of Chomsky (2000, 2001a) to be et i k completely local, to regard Move as triggered by the moving item rather e ot than an attracting head, and by reinterpreting apparent long-distance bli bi s dependencies as a sequence of local complex dependencies. Chapter 1 et sit discusses the main theoretical issues while Chapter 2 presents the general er v framework of analysis. Chapters 3 and 4 test the ability of the framework Uni o to generate correct empirical predictions in several empirical realms that d t e s have been the focus of much recent research: quirky subjects in Icelandic n e c and Spanish, indefinite SE in Spanish and Portuguese, multiple m - li nominatives in Japanese, expletive constructions in several languages, o c with special emphasis on English, and locative inversion in English. Only ect. n n A-dependencies are discussed in this book. A-dependencies are, for the co e v time being, in the "for future research" drawer. a gr I would like to thank Halldor SigurSsson and Gunnar Hrafnbjargarson pal w. for their enormous help with regards to grammaticality judgments in w w m Icelandic and learned discussions that helped me avoid many misunder o standings. Christer Platzack also provided some interesting comments on al fr eri Icelandic. For discussion on German and Romanian and theoretical at m matters I would like to thank Remus Gergel and Edward Gobbel. ht g For written comments on an earlier manuscript which led to pyri o substantial improvement I would like to thank Vicki Carstens, Remus C Gergel, Edward Gobbel, Kunio Nishiyama, Ester Torrego and, last but not least, every linguist's mysterious best friend or shadowy worst enemy, Ann O'Nymous. Portions of this project were presented as talks at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and at the 14th colloquium on Generative Grammar, in Porto, Portugal. I would like to thank the audiences of these 10.1057/9780230597471 - Locality and the Architecture of Syntactic Dependencies, Luis López