LOCAL RESPONSES TO COLONIZATION IN THE IRON AGE MEDITERRANEAN http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield LOCAL RESPONSES TO COLONIZATION IN THE IRON AGE MEDITERRANEAN Tamar Hodos First published 2006 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2006 Tamar Hodos This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders for their permission to reprint material in this book. The publishers would be grateful to hear from any copyright holder who is not here acknowledged and will undertake to rectify any errors or omissions in future editions of this book. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hodos, Tamar. Local responses to colonization in the Iron Age Mediterranean / Tamar Hodos. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Mediterranean Region—Colonization. 2. Mediterranean Region—Antiquities. 3. Iron age—Mediterranean Region. I. Title. DE60.H6 2006 930.1′6—dc22 2006004392 ISBN10: 0–415–37836–2 (hbk) ISBN13: 978–0–415–37836–9 (hbk) CONTENTS List of illustrations vii Acknowledgements x 1 Introduction 1 When is the Iron Age? 3 Early exchanges 4 Colonization in the ancient world 9 Colonialism in the ancient world 13 What is a colony and when is it not? 19 What comes next 23 2 North Syria 25 The North Syrian populations 28 Chronologies in the Near East 33 North Syrian coastal communities 37 Burial customs 51 Religious practices 55 Consumption patterns 59 Artistic styles 74 Written voices 78 Conclusions 85 3 Sicily 89 The Sicilian populations 92 Chronologies in Sicily 94 Sicilian communities 99 Burial customs 113 Religious practices 121 v CONTENTS Consumption patterns 129 Artistic styles 133 Written voices 137 Conclusions 152 4 North Africa 158 The North African populations 161 Chronologies in North Africa 164 Libyan communities 169 Burial customs 173 Religious practices 180 Consumption patterns 184 Artistic styles 186 Written voices 196 Conclusions 198 5 Conclusions 200 Notes 205 Bibliography 217 Index 257 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 2.1 North Syrian littoral 26 2.2 North Syrian territories 30 2.3 The Levant 34 2.4 Jewellery mould from Kinet Höyük 41 2.5 Inscriptions from Ras el Bassit 43 2.6 Plans of Ras el Bassit 44 2.7 Houses at Tell Sukas 46 2.8 Lamps from Tell Sukas 47 2.9 Plan of Early Iron Age Tarsus 48 2.10 Graves at Carchemish 52 2.11 Graves at Ras el Bassit 53 2.12 Graves at Tell Sukas 54 2.13 Temple at Tell Sukas 56 2.14 Rebuilt tripartite temple at Tell Sukas 57 2.15 Inscription from Tell Sukas 57 2.16 Model boats or baths 60 2.17 Distribution of pendent semi-circled bowls and plates 62 2.18 Carved ivory 65 2.19 Carved tridacna shell 66 2.20 Lyre player seal from Kinet Höyük 67 2.21 Lyre player seal with lyre 68 2.22 Cast lyre player from Tyre 69 2.23 Distribution of lyre player seals 69 2.24 Horse harness from Samos 71 2.25 Phoenician bronze bowl from Crete 72 2.26 Tekke bronze bowl 73 2.27 Al Mina ware 75 2.28 KW aryballos 76 2.29 Inscription from the North Gate at Karatepe 80 2.30 Çineköy inscription 81 2.31 Inscription from Kinet Höyük 82 2.32 Greek inscription from Al Mina 83 vii ILLUSTRATIONS 2.33 Greek inscription cast from Tell Sukas 83 3.1 Sicily 90 3.2 Villasmundo tomb plan 95 3.3 Greek vessels from Villasmundo 96 3.4 Alleged Middle Geometric sherds 97 3.5 Circular houses at Montagnoli 100 3.6 Square houses of the Greek colonies 102 3.7 Pastas house plans 103 3.8 Monte Saraceno di Ravanusa sixth-century town planning 106 3.9 Oikos plan of Monte Saraceno di Ravanusa temple 107 3.10 Building N, Ramacca 109 3.11 Vassallaggi seventh-century town plan 110 3.12 Vassallaggi sixth-century sacred area plan 111 3.13 Monte Maranfusa sixth-century house plan 113 3.14 Licodia Eubea tomb plan 114 3.15 Greek forms of burial 116 3.16 Clay models of bulls from Polizzello 122 3.17 Necropolis area A of Polizzello 123 3.18 Circular shrine models from Polizzello 124 3.19 Impressed bull horn motif 124 3.20 Sabucina cult building 125 3.21 Rectangular temple model from Sabucina 126 3.22 Plan of rectangular temple B at Sabucina 127 3.23 Pitched temple model from Sabucina 128 3.24 Later Iron Age vessel forms 134 3.25 Oinochoai motifs 135 3.26 Painted motifs of central and western Sicily 137 3.27 Painted motifs of eastern Sicily 138 3.28 Incised and impressed motifs of western Sicily 138 3.29 Krater from Sabucina 139 3.30 Middle Corinthian heraldic animal motif 140 3.31 Geloan amphora 140 3.32 Stylized birds from Marianopoli 141 3.33 Corinthian bird 141 3.34 Late Corinthian cannon of proportions 142 3.35 Sabucina plaque 143 3.36 Bronze figurine pair 144 3.37 Terracotta statuette from Caltabellotta 145 3.38 Limestone sculpture from Castiglione 146 3.39 Mendolito script 148 4.1 North Africa 159 4.2 Lakonian cup by the Arkesilas painter showing King Arkesilas II 161 4.3 Bronze Age/Iron Age Cyrenaican pottery 165 viii ILLUSTRATIONS 4.4 Terracotta Late Bronze Age vessels from Bates’ Libyan cemetery 166 4.5 Pottery from Marsa Matruh 167 4.6 Pre-Greek sherds from Cyrene 167 4.7 Drystone houses from Zinchecra 171 4.8 Garamantian settlement pattern 172 4.9 Messa burial mound 174 4.10 Anthropomorphic funerary stela from the Cyrenean hinterland 175 4.11 Non-freestanding stelae from the Cyrenean hinterland 176 4.12 Stelae from Garama 177 4.13 Punic baetyl sitting on a throne cippus 178 4.14 Agrarian scene from Sanctuary of the Ploughs 182 4.15 Libyan-dressed women in pastoral scenes 183 4.16 Incised prehistoric ceramics 187 4.17 Garamantian pottery 188 4.18 Imitation of a Roman shape 189 4.19 Horse-drawn chariots from Fezzan 190 4.20 Graeco-Roman architectural features in a Libyan funerary context 190 4.21 Slonta heads 191 4.22 Freestanding funerary sculpture from Cyrenaica 192 4.23 Slonta figures 193 4.24 Libyan portraits 194 4.25 Inscriptions on Garamantian funerary stelae 197 ix