Local Identities in Late Medieval and Early Modern England AlsobyNormanL.Jones THEBIRTHOFTHEELIZABETHANAGE:Englandinthe1560s THEENGLISHREFORMATION:ReligionandCulturalAdaptation FAITHBYSTATUTE:ParliamentandtheSettlementofReligion,1559 GODANDTHEMONEYLENDERS:UsuryandLawinEarlyModernEngland BLACKWELLCOMPANIONTOTUDORBRITAIN(co-editedwithRobertTittler) INTERESTGROUPSANDLEGISLATIONINELIZABETHANPARLIAMENTS: EssaysPresentedtoSirGeoffreyElton(co-editedwithDavidDean) THEPARLIAMENTSOFELIZABETHANENGLAND(co-editedwithDavidDean) AlsobyDanielWoolf THEIDEAOFHISTORYINEARLYSTUARTENGLAND:Erudition,Ideologyand the‘LightofTruth’fromtheAccessionofJamesItotheCivilWar READINGHISTORYINEARLYMODERNENGLAND THESOCIALCIRCULATIONOFTHEPAST:EnglishHistoricalCulture, 1500–1730 PUBLICDUTYANDPRIVATECONSCIENCEINSEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND(co-editedwithJohnMorrillandPaulSlack) THERHETORICSOFLIFE-WRITINGINEARLYMODERNEUROPE:Formsof BiographyfromCassandraFedeletoLouisXIV(co-editedwithThomasF.Mayer) THESPOKENWORD:OralCultureinBritain,1500–1850(co-editedwith AdamFox) AGLOBALENCYCLOPEDIAOFHISTORICALWRITING(editor,2vols) Local Identities in Late Medieval and Early Modern England Editedby Norman L. Jones and Daniel Woolf Selection,editorialmatter,andintroduction©NormanL.Jones andDanielWoolf2007 Allremainingchapters©theirrespectiveauthors2007 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-0-230-00123-7 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, 90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentified astheauthorsofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2007by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XSand 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10010 Companiesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld PALGRAVEMACMILLANistheglobalacademicimprintofthePalgrave MacmillandivisionofSt.Martin’sPress,LLCandofPalgraveMacmillanLtd. Macmillan(cid:2)isaregisteredtrademarkintheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom andothercountries.PalgraveisaregisteredtrademarkintheEuropean Unionandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-27962-3 ISBN 978-0-230-59752-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230597525 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 Contents ListofFiguresandTables vii RobertTittler:AnAppreciation viii NotesonContributors xiv ListofAbbreviations xvii Introduction 1 Daniel Woolf and Norman L. Jones 1 The‘DeclineofNeighbourliness’Revisited 19 Keith Wrightson 2 WhoringPriestsandGodlyCitizens:Law,Morality,and ClericalSexualMisconductinLateMedievalLondon 50 Shannon McSheffrey 3 Locals,Outsiders,andIdentityinEnglishMarketTowns, 1290–1620 71 Marjorie K. McIntosh 4 ‘BerwickisOurEngland’:LocalandNationalIdentitiesinan ElizabethanBorderTown 92 K.J. Kesselring 5 The Alehousekeeper’s Revenge: London’s Role in the ReformationProcessinaLancashireParish 113 Joseph P. Ward 6 SirFrancisKnollysandHisProgeny:CourtandCountryin theThamesValley 131 Alexandra F. Johnston 7 MarriedtotheTown:FrancisParlett’sRhetoricofUrban MagistracyinEarlyModernEngland 156 Catherine F. Patterson v vi Contents 8 TheCharityofLondonWidowsintheLaterSixteenthand EarlySeventeenthCenturies 178 Ian W. Archer 9 LocalityandSelfintheElizabethanLotteryofthe1560s 207 David Dean 10 BuildingBridewell:London’sSelf-Images,1550–1640 228 Paul Griffiths Index 249 List of Figures and Tables Figures 5.1 Lancashireparishboundaries 115 6.1 PlacesassociatedwiththeKnollysfamily 134 Tables 8.1 Patterns of charitable giving by London widows, 1550–1570and1610–1630 184 8.2 Sizeofindividualbequests 185 8.3 Volumeofbequests 185 vii Robert Tittler: An Appreciation Robert Tittler is a seminal figure in the study of local identity and political culture in the early modern period, as well as a friend and mentor to all those in the field of Tudor and Stuart history. His far- ranging researches have taken him, seemingly, to every local archive in England, and he has a grasp of English local history unrivalled by anyone in the business. Bob’s career did not begin with questions of local identity and political culture. A native of New York City, he took his BA at Oberlin and his PhD at New York University (NYU). In the beginning he was, like many graduate students in his generation, set todoingpoliticalhistoriesofimportantmen.InBob’scase,thatmeant SirNicholasBacon,LordKeeperunderQueenElizabeth,husbandtothe impressiveAnneCooke,andbrother-in-lawtoLordBurghley. WhenhewasatNYU,itwasnotahotbedofearlymodernstudies.Bob wasnotformallysupervisedbyanyofthe‘greatmen’ofTudorhistory, and as a result he did not acquire either the prejudices or the connec- tions that came with established programs with major scholars. While conducting his research in England, he did have the opportunity to attendseminarsattheInstituteforHistoricalResearch,andthebenefit ofmentoringfromS.T.BindoffandJoelHurstfield,buthehadtomake hisownwayintheworldwithoutapowerfulpatron.Thismaybewhy Bob’s scholarly eye sees things that many others miss. He was never preventedfromaskingtheunexpectedquestionofhissourcesbypreju- dicesinculcatedbyearlytraining. In 1969 Bob, who did not complete his PhD until 1971, became an Assistant Professor at Loyola College of Montreal, which later merged withSirGeorgeWilliamsUniversitytobecomeConcordiaUniversity.He hasbeenthereeversince,teachingandsometimeschairingthedepart- ment,butwithoutdoctoralstudentsortheluxuryofdeepspecialization. Despiteallthis,heremainedcommittedtoresearch,followinghisown setofquestionsawayfrompoliticalbiographytowardthetowns. His first book, Nicholas Bacon: The Making of a Tudor Statesman, appeared in 1976.1 As its title suggests, it was in a genre that Conyers Readandotherpoliticalbiographershadestablished,anditwasagood book. In fact, it remains the only biography of Nicholas Bacon. That done,heturnedawayfromhighpolitics,andintroducedhimselftothe realities of local and social history, editing the Accounts of the Roberts viii RobertTittler ix Family of Boarzell, Sussex, c 1568–1582 (1979) for the Sussex Record Society.2 This required him to enter deeply into the world of farmers, cattleandmaterialculture.WedoubttherearemanyhistoriansofTudor politicalhistorywhocanparticipateinadiscussionofwhatElizabethan cowsweighed! WhilelearningaboutcowshewasalsoworkingonthereignofMary Tudor,workwhichproducedTheMid-TudorPolity(1980)andTheReign ofMaryTudor(1983).Hewasdoing,ashesays,‘conventional,nationally focused, and narrative’ political history, and his contributions in that areaarenottobeslighted,buthebeganslowlytodevelopaninterestin thesocialandeconomichistoryoftownsthatwasevidencedinarticles he was publishing in the late seventies. By his own account, he was converted to their study in 1975, when he read Peter Clark and Paul Slack’s Crisis and Order in English Towns, a collection whose arguments have continued to engage him. Perhaps, he was reading them because in the middle of the 1970s he had begun work on the fishing industry ofGreatYarmouthandtheissueofcivicincorporation.3 Bythetimehissabbaticalcamearoundin1982,hewasreadytobegin his famously manic dashes to town archives all over England. He has probablyworkedinmoreofthesethananyoneinNorthAmerica(with the possible exception of Marjorie McIntosh) and they have provided himwithaworldofmaterialforexploringhowtownspeopleperceived and ran their communities. His early articles on towns led him natur- ally toward the problem of community self-perception. In particular, he published an important article on the ‘Emergence of Urban Policy, 1536–58’.4There,heshowedhowtownswereusedbyWestminsterand the ways in which they used Westminster in their turn, especially to gain incorporation and Parliamentary representation. In the wake of the Reformation, towns were forced to fill many of the voids left by disappearingecclesiasticalinstitutions,suchasthegreatmonasteriesat Reading and Bury St Edmunds, but in exchange they acquired a much stronger position in the nation. In this period, 44 new boroughs were incorporated in England, each with better demarcated borders, roles andrulers.Thesenewpowers,andtheopportunitiesthataccompanied them,creatednewneedsforsocialdefinition,alongwithanewkindof urban politics. Understanding what happened in the resulting process wouldoccupyTittler’smindformanyyearstocome. Because he was interested in what happened in the middle of the sixteenth century, he had to understand the structures and economies ofmedievaltowns.Ashefelthiswayintothesubject,hewroteanarticle onhowweunderstandlatemedievalurbanprosperitythroughthetown