JEWS, CHRISTIANS, AND MUSLIMS FROM THE ANCIENT TO THE MODERN WORLD Edited by MICHAEL COOK, WILLIAM CHESTER JORDAN, AND PETER SCHA¨FER Imperialism and Jewish Society, 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E. by Seth Schwartz A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean by Molly Greene Beautiful Death: Jewish Poetry and Martyrdom in Medieval France by Susan L. Einbinder Power in the Portrayal: Representations of Jews and Muslims in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Islamic Spain by Ross Brann Mirror of His Beauty: Feminine Images of God from the Bible to the Early Kabbalah by Peter Scha¨fer In the Shadow of the Virgin: Inquisitors, Friars, and Conversos in Guadalupe, Spain by Gretchen D. Starr-LeBeau The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam by David M. Goldenberg Resisting History: Historicism and Its Discontents in German-Jewish Thought by David N. Myers Mothers and Children: Jewish Family Life in Medieval Europe by Elisheva Baumgarten A Jewish Renaissance in Fifteenth-Century Spain by Mark D. Meyerson The Handless Maiden: Moriscos and the Politics of Religion in Early Modern Spain by Mary Elizabeth Perry Poverty and Charity in the Jewish Community of Medieval Egypt by Mark R. Cohen Reckless Rites: Purim and the Legacy of Jewish Violence by Elliott Horowitz Living Together, Living Apart: Rethinking Jewish-Christian Relations in the Middle Ages by Jonathan Elukin Copyright © 2007 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1SY All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Elukin, Jonathan M., 1961– Living together, living apart : rethinking Jewish-Christian relations in the Middle Ages / Jonathan Elukin. p. cm. — (Jews, Chrisitans, and Muslims from the ancient to the modern world) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-691-11487-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-691-11487-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Christianity and other religions—Judaism. 2. Judaism—Relations— Christianity. 3. Jews—Europe—History—To 1500. 4. Social integration—Europe. 5. Jews—Persecutions—Europe. 6. Europe—Ethnic relations. I. Title. BM535.E455 2007 261.2′60940902—dc22 2006022593 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Minion Typeface Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United State of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 TO THE MEMORY OF Captain Seymour Katz, M.D., z"l This page intentionally left blank C O N T E N T S Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 CHAPTER ONE From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages 11 CHAPTER TWO From the Carolingians to the Twelfth Century 43 CHAPTER THREE Cultural Integration in the High Middle Ages 64 CHAPTER FOUR Social Integration 75 CHAPTER FIVE Violence 89 CHAPTER SIX Expulsion and Continuity 116 Conclusion 135 Notes 139 Bibliography 167 Index 183 vii This page intentionally left blank AC K N OW L E D GM E N T S IT IS A GREAT PLEASURE to thank the many teachers, colleagues, and friends who helped me, directly and indirectly, write this book. Although this project was not based on my dissertation, it is in many ways the fruit of learning with my teachers at Princeton, particularly William Jordan. I am grateful as well to Anthony Grafton, Peter Brown, Natalie Zemon Davis, and Giles Constable. At the Jewish Theological Seminary, Benjamin Gampel, Stephen Garfinkel, Jay Harris, and Ismar Schorsch welcomed me into their classes. All of these scholars continue to be my teachers. I have been fortunate to benefit from the wisdom, generos- ity, and support of many other colleagues, including Edward Peters, James Muldoon, Elisheva Carlebach, Ivan Marcus, Alli- son Coudert, Paul Freedman, Guy and Sarah Stroumsa, Elliot Horowitz, David Ruderman, Israel Yuval, Elchanan Reiner, Daniel Schwartz, Isaiah Gafni, John Van Engen, Robert Bartlett, Miri Rubin, Robert Stacey, Teo Ruiz, Esther Cohen, and Patrick Geary. Many of these distinguished scholars might disagree with aspects of this project, but I hope they recognize that I draw on their work for inspiration. Brigitta van Rheinburg helped me to shape the book and was an advocate for it at Princeton Press. Nathaniel Carr and Jack Rummel took great care of the manuscript. The two read- ers for the press challenged me and helped to make the book better even if they did not accept all its arguments. I am respon- sible, of course, for any errors. ix