REPORT INT 2015 Living Blue Planet Report Species, habitats and human well-being WWF WWF is one of the world’s largest and most experienced independent conservation organizations, with over 5 million supporters and a global network active in more than 100 countries. WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. Zoological Society of London Founded in 1826, the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) is an international scientific, conservation and educational organization. Its mission is to achieve and promote the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats. ZSL runs ZSL London Zoo and ZSL Whipsnade Zoo; carries out scientific research in the Institute of Zoology; and is actively involved in field conservation worldwide. The ZSL manages the Living Planet Index® in a collaborative partnership with WWF. WWF International Avenue du Mont-Blanc 1196 Gland, Switzerland www.panda.org Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London Regent’s Park,London NW1 4RY, UK www.zsl.org/indicators www.livingplanetindex.org Design by: millerdesign.co.uk Cover photograph: © naturepl.com / David Fleetham / WWF Living Planet Report WWF’s Living Planet Report, released every two years, is a leading science-based analysis on the health of our planet and the impact of human activity upon it. The Living Planet Report 2014 detailed alarming declines in biodiversity, showing species populations falling by half between 1970 and 2010. It also showed that humanity, particularly in developed nations, continues to make unsustainable demands on nature. This special edition takes a deeper look into these findings, and their implications, for the marine realm. Data on marine ecosystems and human impacts upon them is limited, reflecting the lack of attention the ocean has received to date. Nevertheless, the trends shown here present a compelling case for action to restore our ocean to health. ISBN 978-2-940529-24-7 fsc logo to be Living Planet Report® added by printer and Living Planet Index® are registered trademarks This report has been printed on FSC certified paper. of WWF International. Printed at NCP SA and Cavin SA, Switzerland CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER ONE: THE STATE OF OUR BLUE PLANET 4 The marine Living Planet Index 6 Fish 7 Other species trends 8 Habitats 12 CHAPTER TWO: OUR OCEAN UNDER PRESSURE 22 Our ocean under pressure 24 Overfishing 26 Aquaculture 29 Tourism 31 Climate change 33 Extractives 35 Land-based pollution 37 CHAPTER 3: WHY WE SHOULD CARE 41 Why we should care 42 Socio-economic implications of ocean decline 44 Invisibility of nature’s value: a major cause of ocean decline 44 An ocean of opportunity 47 CHAPTER 4: TURNING THE TIDE 49 Blue planet solutions 50 The One Planet Perspective in action 54 THE NEXT WAVE 60 REFERENCES 62 Foreword page 1 NEARLY 3 BILLION PEOPLE RELY ON FISH AS A MAJOR SOURCE OF PROTEIN. OVERALL, FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE ASSURE THE LIVELIHOODS OF 10–12 PER CENT OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION. 60 PER CENT OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION LIVES WITHIN 100KM OF THE COAST. MARINE VERTEBRATE POPULATIONS DECLINED 49 PER CENT BETWEEN 1970 AND 2012. POPULATIONS OF FISH SPECIES UTILIZED BY HUMANS HAVE FALLEN BY HALF, WITH SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SPECIES EXPERIENCING EVEN GREATER DECLINES. AROUND ONE IN FOUR SPECIES OF SHARKS, RAYS AND SKATES IS NOW THREATENED WITH EXTINCTION, DUE PRIMARILY TO OVERFISHING. TROPICAL REEFS HAVE LOST MORE THAN HALF THEIR REEF-BUILDING CORALS OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS. WORLDWIDE, NEARLY 20 PER CENT OF MANGROVE COVER WAS LOST BETWEEN 1980 AND 2005. 29 PER CENT OF MARINE FISHERIES ARE OVERFISHED. IF CURRENT RATES OF TEMPERATURE RISE CONTINUE, THE OCEAN WILL BECOME TOO WARM FOR CORAL REEFS BY 2050. SEABED MINING LICENCES COVER 1.2 MILLION SQUARE KILOMETRES OF OCEAN FLOOR. MORE THAN 5 TRILLION PLASTIC PIECES WEIGHING OVER 250,000 TONNES ARE IN THE SEA. OXYGEN-DEPLETED DEAD ZONES ARE GROWING AS A RESULT OF NUTRIENT RUN-OFF. THE OCEAN GENERATES ECONOMIC BENEFITS WORTH AT LEAST US$2.5 TRILLION PER YEAR. JUST 3.4 PER CENT OF THE OCEAN IS PROTECTED, AND ONLY PART OF THIS IS EFFECTIVELY MANAGED. INCREASING MARINE PROTECTED AREA COVERAGE TO 30 PER CENT COULD GENERATE UP TO US$920 BILLION BETWEEN 2015 AND 2050. Living Blue Planet Report page 2 © OUR LIVING BLUE PLANET W W F / M atthew Our ocean – that seemingly infinitely bountiful, ever awe-inspiring Lee blue that defines our planet from space – is in crisis. When I wrote the foreword to the 2014 edition of WWF’s Living Planet Report, I said it was not for the faint-hearted. This edition – a deep dive into the health of marine species and the habitats on which they depend – is equally if not more sobering. The marine Living Planet Index (LPI) presented here is Marco Lambertini roughly in line with the global LPI, which shows a 52 per cent Director General, decline in vertebrate populations since 1970. That alone should set WWF International off alarm bells. But it’s what’s hidden in the overall marine LPI that foretells an impending social and economic crisis. When we look at the fish species most directly tied to human well-being – the fish that constitute up to 60 per cent of protein intake in coastal countries, supporting millions of small-scale fishers as well as a global multibillion-dollar industry – we see populations in a nosedive. The habitats they depend on, such as coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses, are equally threatened. The picture is now clearer than ever: humanity is collectively The trends mismanaging the ocean to the brink of collapse. Considering the ocean’s vital role in our economies and its essential contribution shown in this to food security – particularly for poor, coastal communities – that’s simply unacceptable. Could the economic implications of the report present collapse of the ocean’s ecosystems trigger the next global recession a compelling or undermine the progress we have made on eradicating poverty? Solutions exist: smart fishing practices that eliminate case for action bycatch, waste and overfishing; getting rid of harmful subsidies and unregulated fishing; protecting key habitats and a large enough to restore our portion of the ocean to enable the regeneration of its living resources while conserving iconic species and inspirational places; cutting CO ocean to health. 2 emissions that threaten a potentially catastrophic acidification of the ocean. And the ocean has another great advantage: it is a dynamic, interconnected global ecosystem that can bounce back relatively quickly if the pressures are dealt with effectively. WWF reports on the state of the planet’s health every two years. But we decided we needed to amplify the warning siren for the ocean this year, because the situation is urgent and the moment to act is at hand. The global community has prioritized a healthy ocean in the post-2015 sustainable development agenda. These commitments must be backed by tangible investment in restoring and sustainably managing marine resources. The pace of change in the ocean tells us there’s no time to waste. These changes are happening in our lifetime. We can and we must correct course now. Foreword page 3 CHAPTER ONE: THE STATE OF OUR BLUE PLANET On Mali Island in Fiji, Alumita Camari expertly handles a freshly caught live (and aggressive) mud-crab from the mangroves. Mita, as she’s commonly known, is considered the best mud-crab harvester in her village. A single mother, she relies on fishing to provide for herself and her daughter. Life in Fiji has always been shaped by the ocean. The Pacific island nation is home to the Great Sea Reef, known locally as Cakaulevu. Over 200km in length, it’s the world’s third longest barrier reef system after Australia’s Great Barrier Reef and the Mesoamerican Reef off the Caribbean coast of Central America. The reef and associated ecosystems like mangroves are fundamental to the country’s economy and people’s way of life. They provide food, attract hundreds of thousands of tourists each year, and protect coastal areas from storms. But coral reefs and other marine ecosystems are declining all over the world. Populations of marine species are falling, while habitats are being destroyed and degraded. The incredible marine biodiversity of our blue planet, and the diverse coastal cultures that have evolved upon it, face an uncertain future. © Jürgen F reund / W W F -P acific The marine Living Planet Index The Living Planet Report 2014 highlighted the alarming state of the natural world upon which our societies and economies depend. The Living Planet Index (LPI), which measures trends in 10,380 populations of 3,038 vertebrate species, declined 52 per cent between 1970 and 2010. In other words, population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years. Humanity continues to make unsustainable demands on nature, threatening our long-term well-being and prosperity. As ecosystems decline, meeting the basic needs of a growing human population will become an even greater challenge. The LPI for marine populations, compiled for this report, shows a decline of 49 per cent between 1970 and 2012 (Figure 1). This is based on trends in 5,829 populations of 1,234 mammal, bird, reptile and fish species. With many more species and locations included, the marine LPI in this report is almost twice as large as it was in the Living Planet Report 2014, giving an even clearer picture of ocean health — and the decline is even greater than previously described. The period from 1970 through to the mid- 1980s experienced the steepest decline, after which there was some stability – but more recently, population numbers have been falling again. The global index masks considerable variation in different regions: numbers have been increasing (from previously depleted levels) in northern latitudes, but falling in tropical and subtropical regions. This chapter dives deeper into this data. Because the marine environment has not been comprehensively monitored, there are gaps in the data for some regions. The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) has created indices for a number of ecosystems and species types where we have sufficient robust data available from published reports, journal articles and fisheries researchers. 2 1) Figure 1: The global = 0 marine LPI shows a 7 9 decline of 49 per cent 1 alue ( 1 bTheitsw ise beans 1e9d 7o0n atrnednd 2s0 i1n2 . x v 5,829 populations of 1,234 de species (WWF-ZSL, 2015). n I Key Marine Living Planet Index 0 Confidence limits 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2012 Year Living Blue Planet Report page 6 Fish Of the marine fish in the LPI (930 species), 1,463 populations (492 species) are recorded as utilized, whether for local subsistence or commercial use. The index for all utilized fish species indicates a 50 per cent reduction in population numbers globally between 1970 and 2010 (Figure 2). Of the utilized fish populations, data sources for 459 contain information on threats. Exploitation is identified as the main threat in the vast majority of cases; other threats listed include habitat degradation/loss and climate change impacts. 2 1) = Figure 2: The utilized 70 9 fish index declined 1 50 per cent between ue ( 1 1970 and 2010 al v (WWF-ZSL, 2015). x e d Key n I Utilized fish index Confidence limits 0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year For fish species of importance for regional economies, livelihoods and food, the decline may be even more dramatic. This can be seen in the case of Scrombidae, the family of mackerels, tunas and bonitos. An index for Scrombidae, based on data from 58 populations of 17 species, shows a decline of 74 per cent between 1970 and 2010 (Figure 3). While the most rapid decline is between 1976 and 1990, there is currently no sign of overall recovery at a global level. 2 1) = Figure 3: The index 0 7 for Scrombidae (tuna, 9 1 mdeacclikneerde l7,4 b poenrit coe)n t alue ( 1 between 1970 and 2010 x v (WWF-ZSL, 2015). de n Key I Scrombidae index 0 Confidence limits 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Chapter 1: The state of our blue planet page 7 Other species The decline observed in fish populations holds true for other marine species. As marine ecosystems are closely interconnected, these declines can affect marine food webs and alter ocean ecosystem functioning (McCauley et al., 2015). While the IUCN Red List shows a growing number of threatened marine species, only a small fraction of known marine species have been evaluated – and in many case there is insufficient data to conduct an adequate assessment (Figure 4). Further research and monitoring is urgently needed into fish species and marine invertebrates, in particular, to determine threat levels. We have selected three species groups as indicators of the current level of stress on biodiversity and marine ecosystem health: sea cucumbers (one of the few invertebrate species groups to have been monitored in some detail); sharks and rays, which include many threatened species but also many data gaps; and marine turtles, where species’ critically endangered status has helped spur conservation action. 100 Terrestrial contact Exclusively aquatic 80 s e Key ci pe60 of s Unreviewed nt Data deficient e40 c er Extinct P Endangered 20 Species groupings ST Sea turtles 0 PO Pinnipeds and marine ST PO SS SSL CS DBRF CF MRF MI mustelids 7 36 478 82 88 530 1061 ~15,050 ~151,150 SS Seabirds and shorebirds SSL sea snakes and marine lizards Figure 4: Threatened marine species, CS Cetaceans and sirenians as chronicled by the IUCN Red List. DBRF Diadromous/ Threat categories include “extinct” (orange), “endangered” (red; IUCN brackish ray-finned categories “critically endangered” + “endangered”), “data deficient” fishes (light grey), and “unreviewed” (brown). Groups that contact land during CF Cartilaginous fishes some portion of their life history (green) are distinguished from species MRF Exclusively marine that do not (light blue). The total number of species estimated in each ray-finned fishes group is listed below the graph (McCauley et al.,2015). MI Marine invertebrates Living Blue Planet Report page 8