Livestock and Wolves A Guide to Nonlethal Tools and Methods to Reduce Conflicts DEFENDERS OF WILDLIFE Defenders of Wildlife is a national, nonprofit membership organization dedicated to the protection of all native wild animals and plants in their natural communities. Acknowledgements Authors Suzanne Asha Stone, Northern Rockies Representative, Defenders of Wildlife (Principle Author) Nina Fascione, Vice-President of Field Conservation, Defenders of Wildlife Craig Miller, Southwest Representative, Defenders of Wildlife Jim Pissot, Canada Field Representative, Defenders of Wildlife Gina Schrader, Conservation Associate, Defenders of Wildlife Jesse Timberlake, Northern Rockies Associate, Defenders of Wildlife Contributors Stewart Breck, Ray Coppinger, Tom Gehring, Janelle Holden, Marco Musiani, Carter Niemeyer, Linda Thurston, Rick Williamson Editorial Team Amaroq Weiss, Independent Consultant Kate Davies, Publications Manager, Defenders of Wildlife Charles Kogod, Photo Editor, Defenders of Wildlife Designers Renée Erdman, Peter Corcoran Thanks also to Madison Valley Ranchlands Group; Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks; Natural Resources Conservation Service (Montana); Nez Perce Tribe; Keystone Conservation; University of Calgary; Central Michigan University; Wolf Recovery Foundation; U.S.D.A. Wildlife Services; U.S.D.A. National Wildlife Research Center; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Yellowstone National Park; Defenders of Wildlife’s Livestock Producer Advisory Council: Lane Adamson, Madison Valley Ranchlands Group, Montana; Jael Kampfe, Lazy EL Ranch, Montana; Clint Krebs, Krebs Ranches, Oregon; Mike Stevens, Lava Lake Land and Livestock, Idaho; and Tim Tew, LF Ranch, Montana. Special thanks to The Bailey Wildlife Foundation for their generous support of proactive projects and research and to the Sand Dollar Foundation for underwriting a 2006 workshop on nonlethal methods and the development of this guide. © 2008 Defenders of Wildlife 1130 17th Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20036-4604 202.682.9400 www.defenders.org Cover photos: Montana rancher © Dal Neitzel; longhorn steer © Jim Pissot/Defenders of Wildlife; sheep and fladry © Brad DeVries/Defenders of Wildlife; wolf © Jess Lee/jessleephotos.com Printed on 100% recycled paper, 50% post-consumer waste, processed chlorine-free. Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................2 1. Assessing Your Needs .........................................................................................................3 2. Reducing Attractants .........................................................................................................5 3. Working with Livestock Guarding Dogs ............................................................................6 4. Erecting Barriers: Fencing, Fladry and Penning .................................................................9 5. Increasing Human Presence: Range Riders and Herders ....................................................11 6. Using Scare Tools and Tactics: Alarms, Shock Collars and Nonlethal Ammunition ..........13 7. Switching Grazing Sites ...................................................................................................16 8. Other Methods Worth Considering .................................................................................17 Resource Directory ......................................................................................................19 Bibliography ..............................................................................................................22 WilDlife © suzanne asha stone/DefenDers of Payette National Forest, Idaho defenders.org 1 Livestock and Wolves: A Guide to Nonlethal Tools and Methods to Reduce Conflicts Introduction As a livestock producer or resource manager operating tools, methods and strategies that work and offers real-life in areas where wolves live, you have no doubt wondered examples of successful solutions devised by livestock producers, how you can keep your animals safe in an economically viable agency managers and researchers working together. way. You may have raised livestock for decades before wolves Chapter 1 describes key factors to consider when evaluating returned to your region and may be unsure of what to do to your own livestock operation. Chapters 2 through 8 provide prevent livestock losses should wolves show up near your examples of the different approaches and their benefits and operations. In some areas, wolves are protected under federal, limitations. This guide covers the basics, but it is not intended as state or provincial law, so you need to know what conflict- a substitute for expert advice. You may still need the help of wolf prevention strategies you can legally use. Most important, management professionals to evaluate and tailor nonlethal control you need to know what will work best in your measures to your situation. You can find these experts through particular situation. the state-by-state directory of resources at the end of the guide. Sometimes wolves are killed to prevent additional For even more information, check the references and additional livestock losses. This lethal control may relieve conflicts reading in the bibliography. temporarily. However, new wolves will often move into the We hope you find this guide helpful and welcome your vacated territory, and the cycle of loss will continue—unless the feedback. Please contact any of the Defenders field offices listed root cause is addressed. The purpose of this guide is to show you at the end of this guide to share your thoughts and experiences. what you can do to address the root cause in economical ways Your feedback is valuable and may help other livestock producers that protect both livestock and wolves. It covers nonlethal or resource managers in the future. WilDlife © BraD DeVries/DefenDers of How THIs GuIde evolved In 1999, Defenders of Wildlife and The later, Defenders established the Livestock workshop to evaluate proactive livestock Bailey Wildlife Foundation worked together Producer Advisory Council to provide protection tools and nonlethal methods to create The Bailey Wildlife Foundation advice from a producer’s viewpoint. and strategies that are helping to Proactive Carnivore Conservation Fund. In 2006, Defenders brought together reduce livestock losses to wolves. This One of the main purposes of this fund is wildlife conservationists, university manual incorporates the experiences, to support research and on-the-ground researchers, agency staff who work on insights and recommendations of the use of tools, methods and strategies to wolf-livestock conflicts, biologists and workshop participants and from ongoing reduce livestock deaths and therefore members of the Livestock Producer discussions and interactions with reduce lethal control of wolves. Five years Advisory Council for a Yellowstone-area livestock producers and researchers. 2 Defenders of Wildlife 1. Assessing Your Needs Deciding which tools, methods and strategies are suitable for Thinking like a wolf protecting your livestock depends on many different factors. When developing a strategy for reducing risk to your livestock, it Start by contacting local wildlife managers to help you evaluate helps to understand things from a wolf’s perspective. your situation and identify what will work best for you. Wolves are natural hunters but are also scavengers, which means What type of livestock you need to protect is an important they feed on dead animals, too, and the smell of a rotting carcass consideration. Research suggests that when wolves attack livestock, will attract them. Their hunting patterns are designed to detect they focus on the animals that are easiest to kill. For instance, the most vulnerable prey and to avoid injury by their prey, other wolves rarely attack adult cattle and horses. They tend to prey predators or humans. Wolves often focus on the weakest animals more on sheep, goats and calves, and, in some areas, yearlings. in a herd or band and are adept at detecting injured or diseased Another key consideration is where your livestock are grazing. animals. A wolf can usually tell if a healthy adult prey animal it Livestock on large grazing allotments—publicly owned lands normally would not attack has somehow become disadvantaged— where grazing is allowed by permits issued by the federal govern- hindered from escape by deep snow, for example. In addition, ment—can be one of the most difficult wolf-livestock conflict wolves are quick learners and can overcome their fear of certain situations to resolve. Many of these allotments are in remote and scare devices such as sounds or lights, especially if exposed to the rugged terrain with very dense trees and brush, making it harder same device repeatedly for long periods. for sheepherders, range riders or wranglers and livestock Depending on your situation, to remain effective you may need managers to spot a potential conflict. to change devices and methods frequently to keep wolves from getting used to them and losing their natural wariness. Increas- Overall, the important factors to consider include: ing the wolf’s perception of risk can help reduce the chances of • Number, age and type of livestock needing protection wolf-caused livestock injury or death, but working proactively to • Season prevent carnivores from being attracted to your livestock operation • Location and accessibility of site in the first place (see Chapter 2) is often the best strategy of all. • Size of grazing area • How often people directly supervise the livestock A range rider surveys a livestock watering hole on a wyoming grazing allotment. WilDlife © DefenDers of defenders.org 3 Livestock and Wolves: A Guide to Nonlethal Tools and Methods to Reduce Conflicts Livestock stress and permit considerations year. Simply changing grazing schedules to use problem pastures When practical, the best solution may be to build small night at other times or for less vulnerable livestock may reduce or corrals to protect livestock within a small pasture, rather than eliminate losses. fence large multi-acre pastures, which can be too costly. However, In addition to keeping good records of wolf-livestock interac- penning livestock every night can present challenges. tions and other observations, it is important to count your livestock Penning can stress animals not accustomed to it, and regularly when possible. This is especially true in large pastures increased stress may affect the condition of the animals and, in or areas with dense vegetation and/or rugged terrain where dead the case of sheep not used to penning, the quality of their wool. livestock could go undetected for weeks or months. The permits that allow grazing on national forest land may not Producers who do not regularly count their animals can suffer allow the erection of pens. Moreover, penning can harm native substantial losses before they even discover that their livestock plants if you do not move the livestock frequently and the are missing. This makes it more difficult to identify and put into vegetation is overgrazed or trampled. action timely and appropriate loss-avoidance techniques that could Some livestock producers who are now successfully using reduce livestock casualties and the need for wolf control. It can also electric night pens are using them on private pastures where the complicate the cause-of-death determinations typically required livestock can more easily adapt to these night-time enclosures. where compensation payments are available. One band of sheep in Montana is now so well-adapted to their night pen that, like chickens coming home to roost, Communication, agreement and evaluation they often seek it out at the end of the day. In New Mexico, Working with agency staff, fellow livestock producers and others to a rancher using a two-strand electric fence system to create figure out a strategy as a team and to share the costs of a project is small, easy-to-monitor pastures reports that his cattle are so highly recommended. As one rancher puts it, this is “a great place accustomed to their routine that he can move his entire herd in to start,” because “the collaborative process works and can help less than half an hour using only a whistle, two dogs and a load those with divergent opinions resolve misunderstandings without of fresh feed. Chapter 4 provides more information on fencing. damaging the value of one another as human beings.” A written agreement that clearly defines expected roles and Seasonal and location-based considerations responsibilities and fosters good communication is essential Some projects require different strategies depending on the whenever you are collaborating with others. A mechanism for season or location. For example, if you decide to use guard dogs evaluating the project should also be included as each project, to protect your animals, you should not use them near wolf den whether successful or not, helps provide valuable information sites in spring when wolves will aggressively defend their young about the effectiveness of methods in varying situations. n from other canines (dogs, coyotes or other wolves that are not members of their pack). Key PoINTs: Assessing your Needs Using livestock guarding dogs in these areas at this time of year would actually increase the likelihood of conflicts with µ Contact state and federal wildlife managers to help wolves. However, using guarding dogs at other times of the evaluate your situation and identify appropriate year with sheepherders or range riders present to assist the techniques for your operation. dogs appears to help greatly reduce livestock losses to wolves. µ Consider the number, age and type of livestock; the Chapter 3 addresses these issues and more on guarding dogs. season; the size of the grazing area and how often people check on the livestock. The importance of record-keeping Good record-keeping can be a valuable tool in solving wolf- µ Be proactive by taking actions to reduce attractants to your livestock operation in the first place. livestock conflicts. Records of interactions and related observations can help producers identify trends, problem areas and vulnerable µ Evaluate your livestock protection strategies times of year, which can help improve the effectiveness of targeted, often to ensure that you are using the preventative measures. best options for your situation. Solid information will help inform decisions on the type of µ When working with a team from different agencies or devices or activities that are most appropriate and help guide their organizations, draw up a written agreement describing use. This can reduce the need for experimentation and improve the duties and roles. likelihood of success. For example, good record-keeping can help identify pastures µ Keep records of what you are doing so you can evaluate, compare and make modifications as needed. where repeated predator problems occur at certain times of the 4 Defenders of Wildlife 2. Reducing Attractants Loyivgnouer rultvsnhr uicea eklparn naeonrde obp or dplheateeehnbu trpe lneteirrycst e . teacy a rnAapn sbni—rn myaeiynyt a pste tulrtrys aweci,pcs dhwo etea a aonootnsolorft v r w udemsfos.goe ohraOlhv dr saeetnc,vo s acmde, v ed ibae israle enaevnaawgsersi ermsea ry adwas a nwgaloasodynor .ot dldehAfd a yae ingsnitanel steaangiosprls —e ypaea nb neiodgaio mfeaelt itrnshn aemat glasi fi ctelsoeaaleclfrsvd et taeo ne onan ntfusd -to to r © suzanne asha stone/DefenDers of WilDlife dead livestock, it is not a big step to go from feeding on a carcass to hunting and killing live cattle or sheep if they are nearby. The afterbirth from calving can also be a powerful attractant for wolves, a fact to consider when planning the timing and location of calving activities (see Chapter 8). Hauling away, burying or burning livestock carcasses rather than leaving them in the field to rot reduces the chances of attracting predators. It also limits the food supply in the area, which can result in a lower number of predators in general. Once a wolf becomes used to a food source, such as dead livestock lying on the ground or in an open pit, it is more difficult to stop it from returning to look for an easy meal. Thus, preventing the attraction Fencing around a deep carcass pit is an added barrier to wolves and other scavenging in the first place is important. predators drawn to the area. minDen Pictures tdoisrcsB ouyun rrieanggtuee lnsactrailoyvn ebnaulglryen.r isThn fgreo o mpr i bte unshrtyeoiruninlgdg c.b aer caats sleeas sitn e tighhe tp fiete, ty doeue hpe tlop m BranDenBurg/ phraepvpeennt taott rvaiscitti.n Sgu wrrooluvnesd tino gy othuer parite aw oitrh k peerepdinatgo trh-reemsi stthanerte f eifn tchineyg © Ji provides an additional barrier. If your pit is poorly constructed or maintained, however, it can attract carnivores, which will wander off their regular routes to visit the pit. If constructing a carcass pit or burying carcasses is not an option, a rendering facility or commercial landfill are alternatives you can explore. n Key PoINTs: Reducing Attractants µ Remove diseased or dying animals from areas where they can attract wolves and other animals. A wolf shares a deer carcass with a flock of ravens in Minnesota. scavengers as well as µ Haul away carcasses or dispose of them in properly predators, wolves are strongly attracted by dead animals. constructed and maintained pits whenever possible. Constructing a carcass pit µ Make your carcass pit at least eight feet deep Many livestock producers use carcass pits where possible to to discourage scavengers from entering it. dispose of dead livestock and reduce the presence of attractants µ Routinely burn your carcass pit or cover it with dirt. on their operations. To be effective, a carcass pit must be properly constructed and maintained. When possible, the pit should be µ Install fencing around your carcass pit to further reduce the chances of wildlife getting into it to feed on carcasses. located away from your livestock, home, sensitive agricultural areas or any other place to which you do not want to lure preda- defenders.org 5 Livestock and Wolves: A Guide to Nonlethal Tools and Methods to Reduce Conflicts 3. Working with Livestock Guarding Dogs Llkaassvliioec aeovrltcleeeenuiThipscvsasatutit e.lobvweo i leIzrcetdl noea opksa o ttl tlrb tvsiofehworoo ie cageltbnesmikie e trytb ac nyease pewt a ne tostrilltoaydtoneifi yvp crd swafpte stiuuf i acsorgrnatctnaooruunogelkpcmlarcr dyieehesrkn s rd ecr la,gg fi eraitrvte rndrlrodhoneiaegeeuosmeifer vtnu ngdrsome aisldocdtnc tob eafgki gtooorr r ;h.ptene rnf oie O erinpbsd evd.gp rrdvuo ioleeDrneoarttsoeyretghbeodt os nteeeag iarhsnrc cnssnhu et e gcdtd i ac lanhc ohvpi nsepva fe uetno etaa hsdr lststr,hopetou tpowdna lograyrceoigssor aekre ga elsssmrs v asse,ei r e.esteleipp soditmspel,et u a edoapobsyldr p atre ott asallotohnesy ro mf as ha hd rblaeomaoorlnvrpnegeedees g d d , © henry anD holly Ballester, anatolian shePherD Dog international, inc. thereby removing undesirable traits from the gene pool. Socializing and bonding guard dogs with livestock from a young age is a crucial part of their training (see page 7). The climate and landscape in which the dogs live, the distances they travel, the diseases they are exposed to and the food supply available to them also influence their behavior. In North America, the use of livestock guarding dogs has been growing since the mid-1970s, mainly to protect sheep and goats from coyotes and domestic dogs. Great Pyrenees, Anatolian shepherds, Akbash and other breeds that have been used for centuries in Europe, Asia and Africa are now used to protect livestock throughout the United States and Canada. Breeds that make good livestock guarding dogs are not the ones The Anatolian shepherd is one of several breeds developed to guard livestock. that make good livestock herders. The two functions, guarding and herding, are quite different, and the dogs that do best at each Choosing and using guarding dogs task have been bred for their specific tasks. In other words, border To determine if livestock guarding dogs would be a valuable aid collies and Australian shepherds are born to herd; Great Pyrenees for a specific livestock operation, consider your primary needs and and Anatolian shepherds are born to guard. how such a dog could fit into your current operation. Professionals How effective are livestock guarding dogs? Researchers at at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, local agriculture extension Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts, the U.S. Fish and agents, other livestock producers who work with livestock guarding Wildlife Service’s National Wildlife Research Center in Colorado dogs, and breeders and breed clubs can help you evaluate your and the United States Sheep Experiment Station in Idaho situation and advise you on the selection and use of guardian dogs addressed this question by placing dogs on farms and ranches (see the Resource Directory for contact information.) throughout the United States. Almost immediately, they received Selecting your pups from breeding stock that is doing what you reports of fewer livestock losses from predators. Most of the cases want your dog to do is important. Pups learn from their mothers, studied focused on coyote attacks on sheep and goats, although so make sure she has the characteristics of a good livestock guard- other predators such as domestic dogs, mountain lions and wolves ing dog. Base your selection on a dog’s working potential, rather were included. The researchers also looked at losses of other than the fact that it is registered and meets the breed’s physical livestock such as turkeys, llamas and ostriches. standards. Pups can learn behavior, but not all registered livestock The ability of livestock guarding dogs to protect cows from wolves guarding dogs have the instincts necessary to do well at the work in northern Minnesota and Michigan has also been tested, and some for which they were bred. The right livestock guarding dog for you dogs demonstrated that, if managed correctly, they could be effec- is the one that demonstrates the traits necessary to work well in tive. Interviews with cattle ranchers in Kenya, Turkey and Italy also your particular setting. Desirable livestock guarding dogs stay with suggest that, if properly managed, livestock guarding dogs can play a their livestock and successfully defend them by alerting people to valuable role in protecting against a wide variety of predators. the presence of threatening predators. Ultimately, the best livestock 6 Defenders of Wildlife guarding dogs are attentive and protective of livestock and always WilDlife aiHsnuleogprL wptd iotevoovregt espsirtn ,ooa gtlwcoe klonni vlotefiew, as mlwtn oraeiictnsrhkksa osgig nuetuort aE s hr tuidhenriero nditrpghe ec reds h a noapngorrdgsre e tswAhse.neis tirthan, otaRof ht oerucenkmd iuueascsne e t plywiprvoeeisclsefat nolclccoyekn a, fl gdsiuuvcaictsrshed. - © BraD DeVries/DefenDers of as a herder or rider who can add other methods as necessary to scare wolves away. Open range operations with large flocks or herds of livestock usually require more dogs than a small operation. To the extent possible, the herders or wranglers should make sure the livestock guarding dogs stay with the livestock rather than allow the dogs to try to chase down or attack wolves (or other large predators). A dog permitted to give chase will end up far away from the herder and in the risky position of going one-on-one against a wolf, a situation that can result in the injury or death of the guarding dog. When wolf packs have new pups, generally from April through June, keep livestock guarding dogs away from known wolf den sites whenever possible and use other means (such as fladry, grazing location alternatives or devices that scare wolves away) to avoid conflicts with wolves. Livestock guarding dogs pose little threat to wolves or their offspring, but wolves appear to be far more aggressive toward dogs. The wolves apparently perceive the dogs as a threat, much as they would perceive strange wolves, and may try A Great Pyrenees stands guard on an Idaho sheep ranch. RAIsING ANd TRAINING lIvesTocK GuARd doGs Guarding dogs raised with livestock bond with their charges. If you decide to breed and raise food, and don’t keep them in dugouts your own livestock guarding dogs or doghouses (except in extreme and from pups, it is crucial that they are threatening weather conditions). Instead, well socialized with livestock. encourage pups to dig their own dirt beds Experts recommend raising and sleep among the livestock as they guarding dogs right in the corrals will have to do on grazing pastures. with livestock, starting when the pups When the pups are old enough, allow are four to five weeks old. Promptly them to accompany livestock to the scold pups that stray from the corral rangeland. Discourage unacceptable and return them to the livestock. behavior such as biting or chasing the Minimize the handling and petting livestock and pulling wool. Immediately of livestock guard dogs and do not remove any dogs that persist in chasing, treat them like pets. A good dog will biting, injuring or killing sheep. come when it is called and allow the Follow these training guidelines and WilDlife oonowthtnP eserre orh evtekoida aheltta htten-hrndeetl liepao tunietp df(srf oo nwmre ivet phadc esnco)u,ip ntbrlaeiutt.iti oo sunhsso dauonldgd ydttohou eurtyhirn eadg rol eitvgh emses owtposeicltlr kirloee tdsah preonoyf nidwmseiiplvvlo eebr lteotoa pg npmute ae“olrnedpts ilniesng o aw.n n shd”i ch © BraD DeVries/DefenDers of defenders.org 7 Livestock and Wolves: A Guide to Nonlethal Tools and Methods to Reduce Conflicts © anna cellar Great Pyrenees pups are ready for transport to farms in the Great lakes region where researchers will monitor their effectiveness at protecting livestock from predators. to defend their young offspring and den sites by seeking out and If you are using livestock guarding dogs and not getting good killing the dogs. results, you may need to re-examine the number of dogs you are Livestock owners who are working more than two dogs using per flock/herd or setting. Also review how to choose and raise together to defend livestock report a decrease in predator attacks. pups—especially during the critical development period between Wolves, particularly lone wolves, tend to avoid encounters with two and 12 weeks of age—and, in general, what best matches your other packs of wolves and appear to perceive multiple dogs as needs in a livestock guarding dog. another pack. For livestock guarding dogs to work successfully, a thorough Although the use of multiple dogs is recommended, there is also understanding of guard dog training and management and how a limit to the number of dogs that can be adequately cared for and this proactive approach applies to your operation is vital. n managed effectively. Some producers report that when five or more dogs are used per flock of sheep, the dogs become more interested in socializing with each other than in guarding livestock. As a Key PoINTs: livestock Guarding dogs rule, more dogs are more effective, but the characteristics of the individual dogs play a critical role in their ability to work together µ To determine if livestock guarding dogs are an as a team. appropriate choice to help protect your livestock Different breeds of dogs differ in their level of aggressiveness from conflicts with wolves, carefully evaluate your toward people, and you may need a different type of dog if you particular operation with the help of professionals ranch in a less rural or remote area versus an isolated area. For experienced with the use of these dogs. example, if you intend to use livestock guarding dogs in or next µ Livestock guarding dogs defend livestock from wolves to federal lands, such as a national forest or recreation area where most effectively by alerting people to the presence of they may encounter members of the public, you need to consider wolves, not by fighting off the wolves. Do not allow them the dogs’ level of aggressiveness toward people (hikers, cyclists, to chase down or attack wolves. Once they sound the alert, horseback riders, etc.) and their pets. Guarding dogs that are too they need human support, such as a herder who can use aggressive may pose a risk to the public. Some producers post signs other methods to deter wolves by scaring them away. to alert the public that livestock guarding dogs are in use in the area µ Keep livestock guarding dogs away from active wolf den as a nonlethal method to reduce conflicts with native predators and sites to avoid increasing conflicts with wolves protective of may bark aggressively if livestock are approached too closely. their pups. If you are going to use livestock guarding dogs in a fenced or µ If you are already using livestock guarding dogs pasture operation (as is usually the case in the midwestern and but not seeing results, contact a wolf management eastern United States), a critical step in training your pups is to specialist in your state to help you re-evaluate. introduce them to secure fences and the area where they will be working. This helps the dogs bond to the area so they are less likely to escape or roam outside pastures. 8