LITIGATING INTERNATIONAL LAW DISPUTES Litigating International Law Disputes provides a fresh understanding of why states resort to international adjudication or arbitration to resolve international law disputes. A group of leading scholars and practition- ers discern the reasons for the use of international litigation and other modes of dispute settlement by examining various substantive areas of international law (such as human rights, trade, environment, maritime boundaries,territorialsovereignty,andinvestmentlaw),aswellascon- sideringcasestudiesfromparticularcountriesandregions.Thechapters alsocanvasstherolesofinternationallawyers,non-governmentalorgani- zations,andprivateactors,aswellasthepoliticaldynamicsofdisputes, andidentifyemergenttrendsindisputesettlementfordifferentareasof internationallaw. nataliekleinisDeanofMacquarieLawSchool,MacquarieUniversity, wheresheteachesandresearchesinvariousareasofinternationallaw,with afocusonthelawoftheseaandinternationaldisputesettlement. LITIGATING INTERNATIONAL LAW DISPUTES Weighing the Balance Editedby NATALIE KLEIN UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107017061 (cid:2)c CambridgeUniversityPress2014 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2014 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIvesplc AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Litigatinginternationallawdisputes:weighingtheoptions/editedbyNatalieKlein. pages cm Includesindex. ISBN978-1-107-01706-1(hardback) 1.Arbitration(Internationallaw) I.Klein,Natalie(NatalieS.)editorofcompilation KZ6115.L58 2014 341.5(cid:3)22–dc23 2013040671 ISBN978-1-107-01706-1Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS Notesoncontributors pageviii Preface xiv Acknowledgements xviii Tableofcases xx Tableoftreaties xxxv part i 1 Theplaceofinternationallitigationininternationallaw 3 johnmerrills 2 Litigationversusdisputeresolutionthrough politicalprocesses 24 shirleyv.scott 3 Nationalandinternationallitigation:partnersor competitors? 42 christopherward part ii 4 Australia’sexperienceininternationallitigation 61 henryburmester 5 LatinAmericanstatesandtheInternationalCourt ofJustice 79 ximenafuentes 6 TheUnitedStatesasaninternationallitigant 106 markfeldman 7 Europeanperspectivesoninter-statelitigation 130 michaelwood v vi contents 8 Asianperspectivesoninter-statelitigation 148 rodmanr.bundy 9 Africanperspectivesoninter-statelitigation 166 makanemo¨ısembengue part iii 10 Initiatingterritorialadjudication:thewho,how,when,and whyoflitigatingcontestedsovereignty 193 leabrilmayerandadelefaure 11 Whylitigateamaritimeboundary?Some contributingfactors 230 coalterg.lathrop 12 LitigatinglawoftheseadisputesusingtheUNCLOSdispute settlementsystem 260 md.saifulkarim 13 Internationalenvironmentaldisputes:tosueor nottosue? 284 timstephens 14 Whystatesresorttolitigationincasesconcerningthe useofforce 305 christinegray 15 Adjudicatingarmedconflict 330 johnr.crook 16 Humanrightsasasubjectofinternationallitigation 353 ivanshearer 17 TheWTOdisputesettlementsystemandunderlyingmotivating factorsforadjudication 375 m.rafiqulislam 18 Resolvinginternationalinvestmentdisputes 401 chesterbrown 19 Disputesettlementoptionsfortheprotectionof nationalsabroad 436 natalieklein contents vii 20 Litigatinginternationallawdisputes:whereto? 460 cesarep.r.romano Index 472 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS leabrilmayeristheHowardM.HoltzmannProfessorofInternational Law at Yale Law School. She has also taught as a visiting professor or full-timefacultyatthelawschoolsoftheUniversityofChicago,theUni- versityofTexas,HarvardUniversity,ColumbiaUniversity,theUniversity ofMichigan,andNewYorkUniversity.Duringherfirstdecadeofteaching ProfessorBrilmayer’swritinginterestsmainlyconcernedconflictoflaws (inparticular,personaljurisdictionandchoiceoflaw),federaljurisdiction and jurisprudence. Her interests have gradually turned to international law and international relations, which have led to two books: Justifying International Acts (1989) and American Hegemony: Political Morality in a One-Superpower World (1996). Professor Brilmayer has had extensive experience as a consultant in conflict of laws and private international law.Shehasalsoservedasleadattorneyinseveralimportantpublicinter- nationallawarbitrationsdealingwithboundaryissues(Eritreav.Yemen andEthiopiav.Eritrea),maritimedelimitation(Eritreav.Yemen)andcivil compensationforviolationsofthelawsofwar(Eritreav.Ethiopia). chester brown is Professor of International Law and International Arbitration at the Faculty of Law, University of Sydney, a barrister at 7 SelborneChambers,Sydney,andadoortenantatEssexCourtChambers, London,andMaxwellChambers,Singapore.Heteaches,researchesand practises in the fields of public international law, international dispute settlement, international arbitration, international investment law, and privateinternationallaw.HepreviouslyservedasAssistantLegalAdviser at the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (2007–9), and prior to this he was a Senior Associate in the International Law and Interna- tionalArbitrationGroupofCliffordChanceLLP,London(2004–7).He is the author of A Common Law of International Adjudication (2007), a major study on the applicable procedure and remedies before interna- tionalcourtsandtribunals,whichwasawardedtheAmericanSocietyof InternationalLaw’sCertificateofMerit. viii