LINKING Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory VOLUME74 ManagingEditors MarceldenDikken,CityUniversityofNewYork LilianeHaegeman,GhentUniversity,Belgium JoanMaling,BrandeisUniversity EditorialBoard GuglielmoCinque,UniversityofVenice CarolGeorgopoulos,UniversityofUtah JaneGrimshaw,RutgersUniversity MichaelKenstowicz,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology HildaKoopman,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles HowardLasnik,UniversityofMaryland AlecMarantz,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology JohnJ.McCarthy,UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst IanRoberts,UniversityofCambridge Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6559 LINKING The Geometry of Argument Structure by JANETH.RANDALL NortheasternUniversity,Boston,MA,USA 123 JanetH.Randall LinguisticsProgram NortheasternUniversity 360HuntingtonAvenue BostonMA02115 USA [email protected] ISBN978-1-4020-8307-5 e-ISBN978-1-4020-8308-2 DOI10.1007/978-1-4020-8308-2 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008927520 (cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2010 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwritten permissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurpose ofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Frontcover: Quercuspalustris,PhotographsuppliedbyJ.R.P.vanHoeySmith,ArboretumTrompenburg, Rotterdam,TheNetherlands Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) InmemoryofRoslynSeigelRandall 1925–2003 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................. xi ListofAbbreviations ............................................... xv Introduction ....................................................... 1 1 A Phenomenon and a Principle: The Isomorphic LinkingHypothesis........................................ 1 2 Representations ........................................... 3 3 TheCompetition .......................................... 5 4 AdvantagesofthisProposal................................. 5 5 GoingForward............................................ 7 PartI AGeometricTheoryofLinking 1 ConceptualStructure .......................................... 11 1.1 Motivating Conceptual Structure: A Review oftheProblemswithThetaGrids ............................ 11 1.2 RepresentingArgumentsandSatisfyingtheThetaCriterion ...... 16 1.3 BuildingConceptualStructureRepresentations................. 19 1.3.1 ArgumentFusionandSelection ....................... 19 1.3.2 Constraining Fusion: The Prohibition Against DoubleFusion ..................................... 22 1.4 StreamliningtheSetofCSPrimitives......................... 24 1.5 ArgumentStructure:TheInterfaceProjectionfromCS .......... 33 2 EliminatingtheDirect/IndirectInternalArgumentDistinction ...... 35 2.1 ReasonstoEliminateIndirectArguments...................... 35 2.2 ApparentProblemsandTheirSolutions ....................... 38 2.2.1 SyntacticCategory .................................. 38 2.2.2 LinearOrder ....................................... 40 2.2.3 LexicalRules ...................................... 40 2.3 Summary ................................................ 50 vii viii Contents 3 ExplainingLinkingRegularities ................................. 53 3.1 ANewLinkingProposal:TheIsomorphicLinkingHypothesis.... 54 3.2 CausativeVerbs ........................................... 59 3.2.1 SimpleCausativeVerbs .............................. 59 3.2.2 Productive“doubleagent”CausativeVerbs.............. 62 3.3 ComparingtheILHtoOtherLinkingTheories ................. 68 3.3.1 TheThematicHierarchyHypothesis(THH) ............. 68 3.3.2 TheUniformityofThetaAssignmentHypothesis(UTAH). 69 3.3.3 Why the ILH Is a Better Linking Theory thanTHHandUTAH ............................... 71 3.4 UnaccusativeandUnergativeVerbLinkingandSomeLinking Predictions............................................... 77 3.4.1 UnaccusativeVerbLinking ........................... 79 3.4.2 UnergativeVerbLinking ............................. 81 3.4.3 SomeLinkingPredictions ............................ 83 3.5 SomeProblematicVerbClasses.............................. 85 3.6 Summary:TheLinkingTheorySoFar ........................ 86 4 SyntacticallyUnexpressedArguments,Incorporation,andAdjuncts . 89 4.1 ImplicitArgumentVerbsandImplicationsforLexicalEntries .... 89 4.1.1 ImplicitThemeVerbs:cook,eat,drink ................. 89 4.1.2 MoreImplicitThemeVerbs:rainandsnow ............. 93 4.1.3 Implicit PLACE Verbs: deliver (Concrete PLACE) andtransform(AbstractPLACE) ...................... 95 4.2 IncorporatedArgumentVerbs ...............................100 4.2.1 IncorporatedThemeVerbsandAdjunctFusion:butter andbone.......................................... 100 4.2.2 More Incorporated Theme Verbs: ticket, leaflet, stone,gas ......................................... 110 4.2.3 IncorporatedConcrete PLACE Verbs:bag,box,bottle, file,shelve......................................... 112 4.3 CoindexedArgumentVerbsandtheBoundArgumentCondition onLinking ............................................... 117 4.4 Delinked CS Arguments: Mismatches Introduced ByWord-FormationRules.................................. 119 4.4.1 DelinkedExternalArguments:PassiveVerbs,Middle VerbsandDeverbalNominals ........................ 120 4.4.2 Delinked Internal Arguments: Reciprocal Verbs andReflexiveVerbs................................. 124 4.5 Maintaining the Argument/Adjunct Distinction in Light ofSelectedAdjuncts....................................... 128 4.5.1 SyntacticArguments ................................128 4.5.2 Adjuncts ..........................................131 4.5.3 TestsfortheArgument/AdjunctDistinction .............132 4.5.4 Additional Justifications for the Argument/Adjunct Distinction ........................................ 134 Contents ix 5 TheLinkingofResultativeVerbs:ClausalFusion..................137 5.1 TheConceptualStructureofResultativeVerbs .................138 5.2 TheArgumentStructureofResultativeVerbs ..................144 5.2.1 TheArgumenthoodoftheResultXP...................145 5.2.2 TheArgumenthoodofthePostverbalNP ...............152 5.3 TheLinkingofResultativeVerbsandaBetterLinkingTheory....157 5.3.1 TheLinkingoftheInheritedArgumentsandaRelativized IsomorphicLinkingHypothesis....................... 157 5.3.2 ANewKindofAS–CSMismatch:NonlinkingThemes ...164 5.4 ClausalFusion:InterpretingtheUnlinkedTheme ...............166 6 TheProhibitionAgainstDoubleFusion...........................173 6.1 DerivingResultativeMismatchesfromtheProhibitionAgainst DoubleFusion............................................ 173 6.2 IndependentEvidencefortheProhibitionAgainstDoubleFusion .176 6.2.1 Passiveby-phrasesandAgentSubjects .................177 6.2.2 With-ThemesandThemeDirectObjects ................178 6.2.3 PPLocationsandLocativeDirectObjects...............180 6.2.4 The Prohibition Against Double Fusion Versus Jackendoff’s(1990)ConstraintsonAdjunctRules ....... 180 6.3 TheProhibitionAgainstDoubleFusionandtheThetaCriterion...181 6.4 AgainstanAlternativeCSforResultatives:TheMeansAnalysis (Jackendoff,1990) ........................................ 186 6.4.1 Jackendoff’sFirstArgumentfortheMeansAnalysis andaRefutation:TheActorTest...................... 188 6.4.2 Jackendoff’sSecondArgumentfortheMeansAnalysis andaRefutation:“X’sWay” ......................... 193 6.4.3 One Argument in Favor of the Agent Analysis: UnaccusativeVerbs................................. 193 6.4.4 ASecondArgumentinFavoroftheAgentAnalysis: WeatherVerbs ..................................... 195 6.5 AnOverviewofLinking....................................196 PartII MoreLinkingResultsAcrosstheLexicon 7 CausativeVerbswithPLACEArguments..........................207 7.1 Obligatory PLACE Arguments: render, put, and get are not Three-ArgumentVerbs..................................... 207 7.1.1 AbstractPLACEVerbs:renderandmake ................208 7.1.2 ConcretePLACEVerbs:putandposition,leanandstand ..211 7.1.3 UnspecifiedPLACEVerbs:getandkeep.................216 7.2 OptionalImplicitPLACEs...................................218 7.2.1 ConcretePLACEVerbs:deliver,transmitandconvey ......219 7.2.2 AbstractPLACEVerbs:convert,change,alter andtransform...................................... 222 x Contents 7.2.3 A Different Type of Abstract PLACE Verb, or“Pseudoresultatives”:transitivebreak ............... 224 8 Unaccusatives:AClusterofVerbClasses .........................229 8.1 UnaccusativeVerbswithObligatoryPLACEArguments:go,turn, get,andbe ............................................... 229 8.2 UnaccusativeVerbswithOptionalPLACEArguments: fallandchange ........................................... 235 8.3 UnaccusativePseudoresultatives:break(intopieces) ............237 8.4 UnaccusativeResultatives...................................239 8.5 Unaccusative/UnergativeAlternatingVerbs:rollandmarch .....243 8.6 Defining“UnaccusativeVerb” ...............................250 8.7 Unaccusative/CausativeAlternatingVerbs:pierceandclimb......252 9 ComplexCausativeVerbs .......................................259 9.1 CausativeManner-of-MotionVerbs:march,dance,run,skip, andswim ................................................ 260 9.2 Causative“MaterialMeans”Verbs:pasteandstaple.............267 9.3 CausativeInstrumentVerbs:hammerandspoon ................269 9.4 Causative Alternating Verbs: A Reanalysis of the load andsprayClasses ......................................... 272 9.4.1 ThewithVariants ...................................273 9.4.2 TheLocativeVariants ...............................275 10 OtherVerbClasses,OtherIssues,andConclusions.................281 10.1 AdjunctFusionVersusArgumentLinking:bagandbutter........281 10.2 Non-CausativeTransitiveVerbs:enterandinhabit ..............285 10.3 MoreonReplacingGOwithBECOME.........................289 10.4 ConclusionsandFurtherThoughts ...........................294 SummaryofDefinitions,PrinciplesandRules .........................297 References.........................................................303 IndexofEnglishWordsDiscussed....................................311 Index .............................................................315