Linear and Non-linear Numerical Analysis of Foundations Linear and Non-linear Numerical Analysis of Foundations Edited by John W. Bull 9780415420501_1_pre.qxd 12/01/2009 02:40PM Page iv First published 2009 by Taylor & Francis 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2009 Editorial material, Taylor & Francis; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bull, John W. Linear and non linear numerical analysis of foundations / John W. Bull. — 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Foundations—Mathematical models. 2. Numerical analysis. I. Title. II. Title: Linear and nonlinear numerical analysis of foundations. TA775.B85 2009 624.1′5015118—dc22 2008024484 ISBN 0-203-88777-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-42050-4 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-88777-8 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-42050-1 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-88777-6 (ebk) Contents List of contributors vii Preface ix 1 Using probabilistic methods to measure the risk of geotechnical site investigations 1 J. S. GOLDSWORTHY AND M. B. JAKSA 2 The contribution of numerical analysis to the response prediction of pile foundations 37 EMILIOS M. COMODROMOS 3 Uplift capacity of inclined plate ground anchors in soil 85 RICHARD S. MERIFIELD 4 Numerical modeling of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls 131 RICHARD J. BATHURST, BINGQUAN HUANG AND KIANOOSH HATAMI 5 Seismic analysis of pile foundations in liquefying soil 158 D. S. LIYANAPATHIRANA AND H. G. POULOS 6 The effect of negative skin friction on piles and pile groups 181 C. J. LEE, C. W. W. NG AND S. S. JEONG 7 Semi-analytical approach for analyzing ground vibrations caused by trains moving over elevated bridges with pile foundations 231 Y. B. YANG AND YEAN-SENG WU 8 Efficient analysis of buildings with grouped piles for seismic stiffness and strength design 281 IZURU TAKEWAKI AND AKIKO KISHIDA vi Contents 9 Modeling of cyclic mobility and associated lateral ground deformations for earthquake engineering applications 309 AHMED ELGAMAL AND ZHAOHUI YANG 10 Bearing capacity of shallow foundations under static and seismic conditions 353 DEEPANKAR CHOUDHURY 11 Free vibrations of industrial chimneys or communications towers with flexibility of soil 373 TADEUSZ CHMIELEWSKI 12 Assessment of settlements of high-rise structures by numerical analysis 390 ROLF KATZENBACH, GREGOR BACHMANN AND CHRISTIAN GUTBERLET 13 Analysis of coupled seepage and stress fields in the rock mass around the Xiaowan arch dam 420 CHAI JUNRUI, WU YANQING AND LI SHOUYI 14 Development of bucket foundation technology for operational platforms used in offshore oilfields 432 SHIHUA ZHANG, QUANAN ZHENG, HAIYING XIN AND XINAN LIU Index 450 List of contributors Gregor Bachmann, Institut und Versuchsanstalt für Geotechnik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany. Richard J. Bathurst, GeoEngineering Centre at Queen’s-RMC Civil Engineering Department, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario. John W. Bull, School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Tadeusz Chmielewski, Technical University of Opole, Opole, Poland. Deepankar Choudhury, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India. Emilios M. Comodromos, Thessaloniki, Greece. Ahmed Elgamal, Professor and Chair, Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California, USA. J. S. Goldsworthy, Golder Associates Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Christian Gutberlet, Doktorand, Institut und Versuchsanstalt für Geotechnik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany. Kianoosh Hatami, Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA. Bingquan Huang, GeoEngineering Centre at Queen’s-RMC, Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. M. B. Jaksa, University of Adelaide, Australia. S. S. Jeong, Yonsei University, Korea. Chai Junrui, College of Civil and Hydroelectric Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, P. R. China; College of Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi viii List of contributors Province, P. R. China; College of Hydroelectric Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China. Rolf Katzenbach, Director of the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany. Akiko Kishida, Graduate student, Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. C. J. Lee, Kangwon National University, Korea. Shouyi Li, College of Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China. Xinan Liu, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA. D. S. Liyanapathirana, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia. Richard S. Merifield, Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems, The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia. C. W. W. Ng, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong. H. G. Poulos, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia. Izuru Takewaki, Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku- Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. Yanqing Wu, College of Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China. Yean-Seng Wu, Engineer, Hydraulic Engineering Department, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Ltd., Taiwan, ROC. Haiying Xin, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, Shandong, China. Y. B. Yang, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC. Zhaohui Yang, Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California, USA. Shihua Zhang, Drilling Technology Research Institute of Shengli Oilfield, Dongying, Shandong, China. Quanan Zheng, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, Maryland, USA. Preface John W. Bull The correct understanding, design and analysis of foundations that sup- port structures are fundamental to the safety of those structures. Witness the leaning tower of Pisa, which, if built a short distance from its present location, would have remained upright and have been just another safe structure! With the introduction of more complex design codes, such as the Euro- codes in Europe, it is becoming increasingly necessary to use linear and non-linear numerical analysis in the design of foundations to model accur- ately the structure’s response to loading. In order to allow designers, engineers, architects, researchers and clients to understand the advanced numerical techniques used in the analysis and design of foundations, and to guide them into safer, less expensive and longer- lasting structural foundations, a wide range of world experts with know- ledge in the latest advances in the design and analysis of foundations has been brought together, and their expertise presented in a clear and logical way. The chapters in this book provide a review of state-of-the-art techniques for modeling foundations, using linear and non-linear numerical analysis, as they affect a range of infrastructure, civil engineering and structural engineering foundations. The use of these chapters will allow designers, engineers, architects, researchers and clients to understand the advanced numerical techniques used in the analysis and design of foundations, and to guide them into safer, less expensive and longer-lasting structural foundations. The following topics are covered in the book: Using probabilistic methods to measure the risk of geotechnical site inves- tigationsillustrates that probabilistic methods can be employed successfully to measure the effectiveness of site investigations. The contribution of numerical analysis to the response prediction of pile foundationsconsiders the necessity of including design procedures that incorporate soil non-linearity and the effects from pile group structural non-linearities.