US/IBP SYNTHESIS SERIES 1 13 LIMNOLOGY OF TUNDRA PONDS Barraw, Alaska John E. Hobbie den, Hutchincon ^ Ross.Inc LIMNOLOGY OF TUNDRA PONDS US/IBP SYNTHESIS SERIES This volume is a contribution to the International Biological Program. The United Stateseffort was sponsored by the National Academy ofSciences through the National Committee for the IBP. The lead federalagency in providing support for IBP has been the National Science Foundation. Views expressed in this volume do not necessarily represent those ofthe National Academy of Sciences or the National Science Foundation. Volume 1 MAN IN THE ANDES: A Multidisciplinary Study of High-AUitude Quechua/ Paul T. Baker and MichaelA. Little 2 CHILE-CALIFORNIA MEDITERRANEAN SCRUB ATLAS: A Comparative 3 CONVEAnRaGlyEsiNsT/ NEoVrOmLaUnTJI.OWN. ITNhrWowAeRr aMndDEDaSvEiRdTES.:BrAandbEuxraymination of Strategies and Patterns in Deserts of Argentina and the United States / Gordon H. Orians and Otto T. Solbrig 4 MESQUITE: Its Biology in Two Desert Scrub Ecosystems / B. B. Simpson 5 CONVERGENT EVOLUTION IN CHILE AND CALIFORNIA: Mediterranean Climate Ecosystems HaroldA. Mooney / 6 CREOSOTE BUSH: Biology and Chemistry of Larrea in New World Deserts / T. J. Mabry, J. H. Hunziker. and D. R. DiFeo. Jr. 7 BIG BIOLOGY: The US/IBP/ W. Frank Blair 8 ESKIMOS OF NORTHWESTERN ALASKA: A Biological Perspective/ PaulL. Jamison, Stephen L. Zegura, and Frederick A. Milan 9 NITROGEN IN DESERT ECOSYSTEMS / N. E. West andJohn Skujins 10 AEROBIOLOGY: The Ecological Systems Approach / Robert L. Edmonds 11 WATER IN DESERT ECOSYSTEMS / Daniel D. Evans andJohn L. Thames 12 AN ARCTIC ECOSYSTEM: The Coastal Tundra at Barrow, Alaska / Jerry Brown, Philip C. Miller, Larry L. Tieszen, and Fred L. Bunnell 13 LIMNOLOGY OF TUNDRA PONDS: Barrow Alaska / John E. Hobbie 14 ANALYSIS OF CONIFEROUS FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES / Robert L. Edmonds 15 ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS: Biological Organization in Selected Hawaiian Communities/ Dieter Mueller-Dombois, Kent W. Bridges, andHampton L. Carson US/IBP SYNTHESIS SERIES 1 13 LIMNOLOGY OF TUNDRA PONDS Barrow, Alaska Edited by John E. Hobbie Marine Biological Laboratory Dowden, Hutchincon (^ Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg Pennsylvania Dedicated to three scientists who shaped and supported ecological research at Barrow, Alaska, during the !950s and 1960s: Max Britton, Max Brewer, and Frank Pitelka. Copyright © 1980 by The InstituteofEcology Library ofCongress Catalog Card Number: 80-26373 ISBN: 0-87933-386-3 All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photo- — copying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems with- out written permission ofthe publisher. 82 81 80 1 2 3 4 5 Manufactured in the United States ofAmerica Library ofCongress Cataloging in Publication Data Hobbie, John E. Limnology oftundra ponds, Barrow, Alaska. (U.S./IBP synthesis series ; v. 13) Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. — — — — 1. Limnology Alaska Barrow. 2. Pond ecology Alaska Barrow. — — 3. Tundra ecology Alaska Barrow. I. Hobbie, John E. II. Series. QH105.A4H62 574.5'2632'097987 80-26373 ISBN 0-87933-386-3 Distributed world wide by Academic Press, asubsidiary of Harcourt BraceJovanovich, Publishers. Foreword This book is one ofa series ofvolumes reporting results ofresearch by U.S. scientists participating in the International Biological Program (IBP). As one ofthe fifty-eight nations taking part in the IBP during the period ofJuly 1967 to June 1974, the United States organized a number of large, multidisciplinary studies pertinent to the central IBP theme of "the biological basis ofproductivity and human welfare." These multidisciplinary studies (Integrated Research Programs) directed toward an understanding ofthe structure and function ofmajor ecological or human systems have been a distinctive feature of the U.S. participation in the IBP. Many ofthe detailed investigations that repre- sent individual contributions to the overall objectives ofeach Integrated Research Program have been published in the journal literature. The main purpose of this series of books is to accpmplish a synthesis of the many contributions for each principal program and thus answer the larger questions pertinent to the structure and function of the major systemsthat have been studied. Publications Committee: U.S./IBP Gabriel Lasker Robert B. Piatt Frederick E. Smith W. Frank Blair, Chairman