LIGHTHOUSE PLANS IN THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES A Special List ofLighthouse-Related Drawings in Record Group 26 COMPILED BY WILLIAM J. HEYNEN, ELIZABETH K. LOCKWOOD, AND MARGO SZABUNIA Special List 57 National Archives and Records Administration Revised 1999 Cover: Record Group 26; Lighthouse Plans in the Special Media Archives Services Division (Cartographic); MA, Cape Ann, No. 1, Elevation/Plan/Section (with figure) , Plate 1, 1859, Old Number 02-1 A-31. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • • • • • . . . . • . • l Historical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l The Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 How TO USE 'THIS LIST . • . • • . . . . • • • . . . . . . • • • . . 3 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION . • . . • • • • . . . • • • • • • . • . . • 3 APPENDIX A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 APPENDIX B .............................. 6 INTRODUCTION Historical Notes During the colonial period ofAmerican history, lighthouses, beacons. and similar aids to naviga­ tion were established from time to time in local areas to aid ship borne commerce. However, respon­ sibility for these navigational aids did not extend beyond the boundaries of an individual colony. and there was no attempt to coordinate lighthouse placement and construction with neighboring colonies. Soon after its formation, the National Government determined that aids to navigation were a concern for the entire country and needed the supervision of a central office. By an act of August 7, 1789, the National Government assumed responsibility for all aids to navigation along the coasts and took over all lighthouses then in operation or under construction. The Secretary of the Treasury. and the Commissioner of Revenue under his supervision, were responsible for the early development of a Lighthouse Service. In 1820 lighthouses became the responsibility of the Fifth Auditor of the Treasury, Stephen Pleasanton, who came to be popularly called the General Superintendent of Lighthouses. He directed lighthouse work until 1852. Pleasanton's field representatives were the local collectors of customs, who were given the title Superintendent of Lights. Their duties included the selection of sites for aids to navigation, supervi­ sion of construction contractors, and authorization of repairs. Because these officials had little or no construction experience, the design of structures largely was left in the hands of contractors. By 1838 concerns about the quality of illumination along the coasts, the proper siting of naviga­ tion aids, and the advances being made by other countries led Congress to seek the advice of naval officers. and the military took on a much larger role in the "lighthouse establishment." Responsibility for the construction of six lighthouses was taken from the Lighthouse Service and granted to the Army Corps of Engineers in 1847. Eventually the local collectors of customs lost all their responsibil­ ities relating to lighthouses. A major change occurred when by an act of August 31, 1852, a nine­ member Lighthouse Board was created within the Treasury Department to take over administration of the Lighthouse Service. The Lighthouse Board created in 1852 was composed primarily of naval and Army engineer offi­ cers. The country was divided into twelve new lighthouse districts (increased to sixteen districts by 1886 and nineteen by 1910). each with an inspector who had overall responsibility for building light­ houses, keeping them in repair, and purchasing and maintaining illuminating apparatus. Inspectors (later called superintendents) were frequently naval officers, and their administrative duties came to include the disbursal of funds, supervision of lighthouse keepers, and inspection of each light station every three months. Within a few years the board found it necessary to appoint an Army engineer in each district to share the work of the inspector. The engineers handled the building and repair of the light stations. The Lighthouse Board was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor on July 1, 1903. By an act of June 17, 1910, the Bureau of Lighthouses was established to supersede the old board and operate under a single administrative head called the Commissioner of Lighthouses. One of the intentions of the act was to reduce the role of the military in lighthouse supervision, although 1 Army engineers continued to manage construction and repair work in each district. Decisions relat­ ing to location, design, construction, and inspection of new lighthouses were the responsibility of the Engineering Construction Division of the Bureau. The Bureau of Lighthouses was assigned to the Department of Commerce when it was separated from the Department of Labor in 1913. On July 1, 1939, the Bureau of Lighthouses was abolished, and its functions were transferred to the United States Coast Guard. The Coast Guard added lighthouse supervision to its responsibilities ~ I for maintaining lifesaving stations, inspecting vessels, and enforcing customs laws. On April 1, 1967, the Coast Guard, which had been part of the Department of the Treasury, was transferred to the Department of Transportation. The Drawings Section 14 of the 1852 act creating the Lighthouse Board specified that it was the duty of the board "to cause to be prepared by the engineer secretary. ..or by such officer of engineers of the army as may be detailed for that service, all plans, drawings, specifications, and estimates of cost, of all illuminating and other apparatus, and of construction and repair of towers, buildings, etc., con­ nected with the lighthouse establishment." About 1862 a number of standard plans of typical light­ houses and pieces of illuminating equipment were lithographed as guides for possible use in various locations. (A set of these lithographs is described item-by-item at the end of Part I of the list.) After 1910 when the Bureau of Lighthouses received a request for a new lighthouse, operating procedures called for the creation of reports and drawings at various stages. First, the request was turned over to one of the district superintendents who would submit a report on its feasibility and usefulness. On a favorable report, the district superintendent would be instructed to prepare a pre­ liminary survey to determine the kind of station required and to estimate the cost. An appropriation request was then submitted to Congress. If approved, the superintendent was instructed to make a detailed survey and draw up systematic plans for the new structure. After their approval by the bureau, plans were returned to the district office for construction. Some plans were maintained by the central office, and others were maintained by the district offices. Although the plans and specifi­ cations were prepared by the government, construction work usually was completed under contract. If contractors could not be engaged due to the remoteness of the station or to hazards involved, con­ struction was undertaken by the bureau. This list describes drawings that have been transferred to the National Archives from the Bureau of Lighthouses and the Coast Guard. Part I of the list describes a large series of older drawings pre­ pared mostly by the Bureau of Lighthouses and its predecessors, now in the custody of the Special Media Archives Services Division (Cartographic), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001. This series of 4,000 items dating from 1793 to 1946 (with three items dated 1949-57) shows lighthouses or related facilities from all the geographical districts of the bureau and in all the coastal states, several Great Lakes states, and Puerto Rico. The records are part of Record Group 26, Records of the U.S . Coast Guard. Every drawing in the series (excluding a few duplicate copies) is described in Part I. In 1987 a second series of drawings relating to Coast Guard facilities, including lighthouse sta­ tions and depots, was transferred from Coast Guard District 5 to the National Archives- Mid-Atlantic Region (Philadelphia, PA). Coast Guard District 5 includes Maryland, Virginia, most of North Carolina, 2 and U.S. bases in Bermuda. Part II of this list describes selected lighthouse-related drawings among the transferred District 5 records, approximately 800 items dating from 1848 to 1964. The lighthouse drawings in College Park, MD, and Philadelphia, PA, contain similar types of drawings: front and side elevations; sections; sectional elevations; perspective views; plans of concrete courses and floor levels; enlarged details of such things as foundations (e.g. , pilings or caissons), windows, doors, roofs, domes, lanterns, lenses, struts, braces, ladders, and railings; copies of draw­ ings annotated with measurements or estimates; site plans of the lighthouse stations and depots; maps and sounding charts of the surrounding vicinities; and plans of keepers' dwellings, outbuildings, and similar structures. Most are utilitarian line drawings and detail sheets, but there are a number of very handsome artistic elevations and perspective views in pencil, ink, or watercolor. The majority of the items are original manuscripts rather than printed or photocopied works, although there are quite a few duplicates of lithographs of standard drawings of lighthouses and lanterns. How TO USE THis LIST This list is arranged in two parts: Part I, drawings in the custody of the Special Media Archives Services Division (Cartographic), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001; and Part II, drawings in the custody of the National Archives- Mid-Atlantic Region, 9th and Market Streets, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Within each part the arrangement of the list is the same: by state abbreviation (two-letter postal code), thereunder by name of lighthouse or facility, thereunder by item number assigned by the National Archives. See Appendix A for an explanation of column headings and Appendix B for a list of abbreviations used in the list. At the end of Part I after the last state are listed standard plans of no particular location; these were assigned a fictitious postal code of ZZ for purposes of computer sorting. Not every lighthouse, beacon, or lighted buoy is included in this list, only those documented by at least one drawing in the National Archives. Some lighthouses are represented by a large number of drawings (e.g., Minot's Ledge, MA, represented by 80 drawings); but for other lighthouses there are very few or none at all. There is some overlap between the holdings in College Park and Philadelphia; the same lighthouse may appear in both parts of this list. The user searching for a drawing of a light­ house located in the mid-Atlantic states should consult both parts of this list under the state and lighthouse name in order to be sure not to miss a drawing. The drawings may be examined in the research rooms of either of the two units of the National Archives mentioned above. Prices for ordering electrostatic or photographic reproductions can be supplied by the staffs of the two offices (see addresses above). If inquiring about a particular drawing by mail, please indicate the lighthouse name, the state in which it is located, and the item number of the drawing as shown in the list. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION At present the National Archives- Mid-Atlantic Region in Philadelphia is the only National Archives regional records services facility reporting a separate series of lighthouse drawings among 3 its holdings, although the National Archives- New England Region (Boston) reports a few drawings of Rhode Island lighthouses that are attached to historical correspondence and reports. In addition to the drawings listed here, related textual (paper) records of the Coast Guard and the former Bureau of Lighthouses, all in Record Group 26, are available for research by contacting the Old Military and Civil Records LICON, National Archives and Records Administration, 700 Penn­ sylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20408-0001. It is likely that these textual records contain some drawings and specifications which are attached to reports and correspondence, although indi­ vidual searches must be made through likely series of records. Historical photographs of certain lighthouses are available by contacting the Special Media Archives Services Division (Still Pictures). National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001. Additional information about the history of specific lighthouses may also be available from the U.S. Coast Guard, Historian's Office, 2100 Second Street SW, Washington, DC 20593. The first part of the list relating to drawings in College Park, MD, was compiled by William J. Heynen and Elizabeth K. Lockwood; the second part relating to drawings in Philadelphia, PA, was compiled by Margo Szabunia, with the aid of Shawn Aubitz. Daryl D. Bottoms contributed the histor­ ical notes in the introduction. 4 APPENDIX A Explanation ofColumn Headings The following information is supplied for each entry in this list: State: The two-letter postal code for each state. Lighthouse Name: The name of the lighthouse, beacon, station, depot, or similar facility. Names were derived from the original drawings, with some verification of obviously questionable names from modern atlases or Coast Guard lighthouse lists. Some names may be obsolete today. No: A unique number assigned to each drawing under a given lighthouse name. This number was assigned by the National Archives staff during arrangement of the files and is used to file and retrieve each drawing. The numbers in this column in Part II are not always sequential because the listed drawings are selections from a larger collection. A few entries without numbers are cross references to lighthouse drawings in the National Archives other than those in Record Group 26. Title of Drawing: A short title taken from the drawings or a description supplied by the compiler. Plate: The number often appearing on printed drawings or manuscripts intended for publication. This number helps to identify individual items. Year: The date the drawing was compiled or published, as shown on the drawing or estimated by the compiler. Old Number: A file number (now obsolete) added to the face of some drawings by the Lighthouse Service or the Coast Guard. This number helps to identify individual items. Many of these contain three parts separated by dashes, in which the first part refers to the Lighthouse District or Coast Guard District, e.g. , 03-1OB-4 would refer to a drawing originally made in District 3. The boundaries of the districts changed over time. Size v x h: The vertical and horizontal measurements of each drawing in inches. Exhibit Potential: An X in this column indicates that in the judgment of the compiler the drawing is visually interesting or artistic and has potential for exhibit or display. 5 APPENDIX B Abbreviations Used in the List Because of space limitations, the following abbreviations are used in some entries: APPAR APPARATUS ARRGMT ARRANGEMENT ASST ASSISTANT AUTO AUTOMATIC BLDG BUILDING BLPRNT BLUEPRINT CONV CONVERSION DET DETAILS DUP DUPLICATE DWG DWELLING ELEV ELEVATION (a type ofdrawing) FLR FLOOR HBR HARBOR I ISLAND LH LIGHTHOUSE LOC LOCATION LT LIGHT OPER OPERATION pp PAGES PRNT PRINT PROP PROPOSED PT POINT R RIVER RG RANGE SEC SECTION (a type ofdrawing) SHT SHEET VIC VICINI1Y W/ WITH 6