Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Group IV: Physical Chemistry Volume 11 Ternary Alloy Systems Phase Diagrams, Crystallographic and Thermodynamic Data ® critically evaluated by MSIT Subvolume A Light Metal Systems Part 1 Selected Systems from Ag-Al-Cu to Al-Cu-Er Editors G. Effenberg and S. Ilyenko Authors ® Materials Science International Team, MSIT ISSN 1615-2018 (Physical Chemistry) ISBN 3-540-20190-4 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Vol. IV/11A1: Editors:G.Effenberg and S. Ilyenko At head of title: Landolt-Börnstein. Added t.p.: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Tables chiefly in English. Intended to supersede the Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen by H. Landolt and R. Börnstein of which the 6th ed. began publication in 1950 under title: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik. Vols. published after v. 1 of group I have imprint: Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag Includes bibliographies. 1. Physics--Tables. 2. Chemistry--Tables. 3. Engineering--Tables. I. Börnstein, R. (Richard), 1852-1913. II. Landolt, H. (Hans), 1831-1910. III. Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. IV. Title: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. QC61.23 02'.12 62-53136 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer- Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of Springer Science+Business Media GmbH © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product Liability: The data and other information in this handbook have been carefully extracted and evaluated by experts from the original literature. Furthermore, they have been checked for correctness by authors and the editorial staff before printing. Nevertheless, the publisher can give no guarantee for the correctness of the data and information provided. In any individual case of application, the respective user must check the correctness by consulting other relevant sources of information. Cover layout: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Typesetting: Material Science International Team,Stuttgart Printing and Binding: AZ Druck, Kempten SPIN: 10915981 63/3020 - 5 4 3 2 1 0 – Printed on acid-free paper . Editor: G Effenberg . Co-Editor: S Ilyenko Materials Science International Services GmbH Postfach 800749, D-70507, Stuttgart, Germany http://www.matport.com ® Author: Materials Science International Team, MSIT The present series of books results from collaborative evaluation programs authored by MSIT® in which data and knowledge are contributed by many individuals and accumulated over almost twenty years. Authors for the evaluations in this volume are: Ibrahim Ansara†, Grenoble, France Ortrud Kubaschewski, Aachen, Germany Oger Arkens, Leuven, Belgium K.C. Hari Kumar, Chennai, India Laura Arrighi, Genova, Italy Viktor Kuznetsov, Moscow, Russia Nataliya Bochvar, Moscow, Russia Hans Leo Lukas, Stuttgart, Germany Oksana Bodak, L’viv, Ukraine Pierre Perrot, Lille, France Anatoliy Bondar, Kyiv, Ukraine Alexander Pisch, Grenoble, France Yong Du, Changsha, China Qingsheng Ran, Stuttgart, Germany Günter Effenberg, Stuttgart, Germany Paola Riani, Genova, Italy Riccardo Ferro, Genova, Italy Peter Rogl, Wien, Austria Gautam Ghosh, Evanston, USA Lazar L. Rokhlin, Moscow, Russia Bernd Grieb, Tübingen, Germany Eberhard E. Schmid, Frankfurt, Germany Joachim Gröbner, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Rainer Schmid-Fetzer, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Andriy Grytsiv, Wien, Austria Gerhard Schneider, Stuttgart, Germany Leonid Guzei, Moscow, Russia Hans J. Seifert, Stuttgart, Germany Fred Hayes, Manchester, UK Vladislav Sidorko, Kyiv, Ukraine Ernst-Theo Henig, Stuttgart, Germany Sibylle Stiltz, Stuttgart, Germany Kiyohito Ishida, Sendai, Japan Vasyl Tomashik, Kyiv, Ukraine Kazuhiro Ishikawa, Sendai, Japan Tamara Velikanova, Kyiv, Ukraine Volodymyr Ivanchenko, Kyiv, Ukraine Yuriy Voroshilov, Uzhorod, Ukraine Ryosuke Kainuma, Sendai, Japan Andy Watson, Leeds, UK Kostyantyn Kornienko, Kyiv, Ukraine Patric Wollants, Leuven, Belgium Institutions The content of this volume is produced by Materials Science International Services GmbH and its international team of materials scientists, MSIT®. Contributions to this volume have ben made from the following institutions: The Baikov Institute of Metallurgy, Academy of Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Sciences Moscow, Russia Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft, Pulvermetallurgisches Laboratorium, Stuttgart, Central South University, Research Institute of Germany Powder Metallurgy, State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Changsha, China Moscow State University, Chemical Faculty, Moscow, Russia ENSEEG, Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et Physico-Chimie Metallurgiques, Domaine National University of L’viv, Kathedra of Universitaire Saint Martin d’Heres, Cedex, France Inorganic Chemistry, L’viv, Ukraine I.M. Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Northwestern University, Department of Materials Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences, Science and Engineering, Evanston, USA Kyiv, Ukraine Technische Universität Clausthal, Metallurgisches Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Zentrum, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Chennai, India Tohoku University, Department of Materials, Science Graduate School of Engineering, Sendai, Institute for Semiconductor Physics, National Japan Academy of Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine Universita di Genova, Dipartimento di Chimica, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department Genova, Italy Metaalkunde en Toegepaste Materiaalkunde, Heverlee, Belgium Universite de Lille I, Laboratoire de Métallurgie Physique, Villeneuve d’ASCQ, Cedex, France G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, National Academy of Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine Universität Wien, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Wien, Austria Magnequench Europe, Tübingen, Germany University of Leeds, Department of Materials, Materials Science International Services GmbH, School of Process, Environmental and Materials Stuttgart, Germany Engineering, Leeds, UK Uzhgorod State University, Uzhgorod, Ukraine Preface The sub-series Ternary Alloy Systems of the Landolt-Börnstein New Series provides reliable and comprehensive descriptions of the materials constitution, based on critical intellectual evaluations of all data available at the time. The first four volumes contain evaluation reports on selected ternary systems of importance to industrial light alloy development and systems which gained in the recent years otherwise scientific interest in the area of light metal systems. In a ternary materials system, however, one may find alloys for various applications, not only light alloys, depending on the chosen composition. Reliable phase diagrams provide scientists and engineers with basic information of eminent importance for fundamental research and for the development and optimization of materials. So collections of such diagrams are extremely useful, if the data on which they are based have been subjected to critical evaluation, like in these volumes. Critical evaluation means: there where contradictory information is published data and conclusions are being analyzed, broken down to the firm facts and re-interpreted in the light of all present knowledge. Depending on the information available this can be a very difficult task to achieve. Critical evaluations establish descriptions of reliably known phase configurations and related data. The evaluations are performed by MSIT®, Materials Science International Team, a group which works together since almost 20 years, now. Within this team skilled expertise is available for a broad range of methods, materials and applications. This joint competence is employed in the critical evaluation of the often conflicting literature data. Particularly helpful in this are targeted thermodynamic calculations for individual equilibria, driving forces or complete phase diagram sections. Insight in materials constitution and phase reactions is gained from many distinctly different types of experiments, calculation and observations. Intellectual evaluations which interpret all data simultaneously reveal the chemistry of a materials system best. The conclusions on the phase equilibria may be drawn from direct observations e.g. by microscope, from monitoring caloric or thermal effects or measuring properties such as electric resistivity, electro-magnetic or mechanical properties. Other examples of useful methods in materials chemistry are mass-spectrometry, thermo-gravimetry, measurement of electro-motive forces, X- ray and microprobe analyses. In each published case the applicability of the chosen method has to be validated, the way of actually performing the experiment or computer modeling has to be validated and the interpretation of the results with regard to the material’s chemistry has to be verified. An additional degree of complexity is introduced by the material itself, as the state of the material under test depends heavily on its history, in particular on the way of homogenization, thermal and mechanical treatments. All this is taken into account in an MSIT expert evaluation. To include binary data in the ternary evaluation is mandatory. Each of the three-dimensional ternary phase diagrams has edge binary systems as boundary planes; their data have to match the ternary data smoothly. At the same time each of the edge binary systems A-B is a boundary plane for many ternary A- B-X systems. Therefore combining systematically binary and ternary evaluations can lead to a new level of confidence and reliability in both ternary and binary phase diagrams. This has started systematically for the first time here, by the MSIT® Evaluation Programs applied to the Landolt-Börnstein New Series. The multitude of correlated or inter-dependant data requires special care. Within MSIT® an evaluation routine has been established that proceeds knowledge driven and applies both, human based expertise and electronically formatted data and software tools. MSIT® internal discussions take place in almost all evaluations and on many different specific questions, adding the competence of a team to the work of individual authors. In some cases the authors of earlier published work contributed to the knowledge base by making their original data records available for re-interpretation. All evaluation reports published here have undergone a thorough review process in which the reviewers had access to all the original data. In publishing we have adopted a standard format that presents the reader with the data for each ternary system in a concise and consistent manner. Special features of the compendium and the standard format are explained in the Introduction to the volumes. In spite of the skill and labor that have been put into this volume, it will not be faultless. All criticisms and suggestions that can help us to improve our work are very welcome. Please contact us via [email protected]. We hope that this volume will prove to be an as useful tool for the materials scientist and engineer as the other volumes of Landolt-Börnstein New Series and the previous works of MSIT® have been. We hope that the Landolt Börnstein Sub-series, Ternary Alloy Systems will be well received by our colleagues in research and industry. On behalf of the participating authors I want to thank all those who contributed their comments and insight during the evaluation process. In particular we thank the reviewers. Their names are as follows: Pierre Perrot, Hans Leo Lukas, Hans Stadelmaier, Tamara Velikanova, Gabriele Cacciamani, Alexander Pisch, Oksana Bodak, Hari Kumar, Rainer Schmid-Fetzer, Peter Rogl, Benjamin Grushko, Andy Watson, Lazar Rokhlin, Nathalie Lebrun. We all gratefully acknowledge the skilled scientific and technical coordination by Dr. Svitlana Ilyenko and the editorial team: Dr. Larisa Plashnitsa, Dr. Oleksandra Berezhnytska, Dr. Oleksandr Dovbenko, Ms. Natalya Bronska. Dr. G. Effenberg Stuttgart, October 2003 Contents IV/11A1 Ternary Alloy Systems Phase Diagrams, Crystallographic and Thermodynamic Data Subvolume A Light Metal Systems Part 1 Selected Systems from Ag-Al-Cu to Al-Cu-Er Introduction Data Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI Structure of a System Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI Literature Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI Binary Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XI Solid Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII Pseudobinary Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII Invariant Equilibria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII Liquidus, Solidus, Solvus Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII Isothermal Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII Temperature – Composition Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII Thermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII Notes on Materials Properties and Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIII References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVI General References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XVII Ternary Systems Ag–Al–Cu (Silver – Aluminium – Copper) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ag–Al–Mg (Silver – Aluminium – Magnesium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Ag–Al–Ti (Silver – Aluminium – Titanium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Ag–Cu–Mg (Silver – Copper – Magnesium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Al–B–C (Aluminium – Boron – Carbon). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Al–B–Mg (Aluminium – Boron – Magnesium). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Al–B–N (Aluminium – Boron – Nitrogen). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Al–B–Ni (Aluminium – Boron – Nickel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Al–B–Ti (Aluminium – Boron – Titanium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Al–Be–Cu (Aluminium – Beryllium – Copper). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Al–Be–Mg (Aluminium – Beryllium – Magnesium). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Al–C–Fe (Aluminium – Carbon – Iron). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Al–C–Si (Aluminium – Carbon – Silicon). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Al–Ca–Li (Aluminium – Calcium – Lithium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Al–Ca–Si (Aluminium – Calcium – Silicon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Al–Cd–Cu (Aluminium – Cadmium – Copper) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Al–Cd–Mg (Aluminium – Cadmium – Magnesium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Al–Ce–Co (Aluminium – Cerium – Cobalt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Al–Ce–Cu (Aluminium – Cerium – Copper) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Al–Ce–Fe (Aluminium – Cerium – Iron). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Al–Co–Fe (Aluminium – Cobalt – Iron) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Al–Co–Gd (Aluminium – Cobalt – Gadolinium). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Al–Co–Hf (Aluminium – Cobalt – Hafnium). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Al–Co–Mn (Aluminium – Cobalt – Manganese). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Al–Co–Ni (Aluminium – Cobalt – Nickel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Al–Co–Ti (Aluminium – Cobalt – Titanium). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Al–Co–Y (Aluminium – Cobalt – Yttrium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Al–Cr–Cu (Aluminium – Chromium – Copper). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Al–Cr–Fe (Aluminium – Chromium – Iron) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Al–Cr–Mg (Aluminium – Chromium – Magnesium). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Al–Cr–Nb (Aluminium – Chromium – Niobium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Al–Cr–Ni (Aluminium – Chromium – Nickel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Al–Cr–Si (Aluminium – Chromium – Silicon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Al–Cr–Zr (Aluminium – Chromium – Zirconium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Al–Cu–Dy (Aluminium – Copper – Dysprosium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Al–Cu–Er (Aluminium – Copper – Erbium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 CD-ROM providing interactive access to the system reports of this volume Survey of Volume IV/11A1 Ternary Alloy Systems Phase Diagrams, Crystallographic and Thermodynamic Data ® critically evaluated by MSIT Light Metal Systems Subvolume A Selected Systems from Ag-Al-Cu to Al-Cu-Er Part 1 Selected Systems from Al-Cu-Fe to Al-Fe-Ti Part 2 Selected Systems from Al-Fe-V to Al-Ni-Zr (tentative) Part 3 Selected Systems from Al-Si-Ti to N-Ti-V (tentative) Part 4 Noble Metal Systems Subvolume B Non-Ferrous Metal Systems Subvolume C Iron Systems Subvolume D Refractory Metal Systems Subvolume E Intro d u c t i o n XI Introduction Data Covered The seriesfocuses on light metal ternary systems and includes phase equilibria of importance for alloy development, processing or application, reporting on selected ternary systems of importance to industrial light alloy development and systems which gained otherwise scientific interest in the recent years. General The series provides consistent phase diagram descriptions for individual ternary systems. The representation of the equilibria of ternary systems as a function of temperature results in spacial diagrams whose sections and projections are generally published in the literature. Phase equilibria are described in terms of liquidus, solidus and solvus projections, isothermal and pseudobinary sections; data on invariant equilibria are generally given in the form of tables. The world literature is thoroughly and systematically searched back to the year 1900. Then, the published data are critically evaluated by experts in materials science and reviewed. Conflicting information is commented upon and errors and inconsistencies removed wherever possible. It considers those, and only those data, which are firmly established, comments on questionable findings and justifies re-interpretations made by the authors of the evaluation reports. In general, the approach used to discuss the phase relationships is to consider changes in state and phase reactions which occur with decreasing temperature. This has influenced the terminology employed and is reflected in the tables and the reaction schemes presented. The system reports present concise descriptions and hence do not repeat in the text facts which can clearly be read from the diagrams. For most purposes the use of the compendium is expected to be self- sufficient. However, a detailed bibliography of all cited references is given to enable original sources of information to be studied if required. Structure of a System Report The constitutional description of an alloy system consists of text and a table/diagram section which are separated by the bibliography referring to the original literature (see Fig. 1). The tables and diagrams carry the essential constitutional information and are commented on in the text if necessary. Where published data allow, the following sections are provided in each report: Literature Data The opening text reviews briefly the status of knowledge published on the system and outlines the experimental methods that have been applied. Furthermore, attention may be drawn to questions which are still open or to cases where conclusions from the evaluation work modified the published phase diagram. Binary Systems Where binary systems are accepted from standard compilations reference is made to these compilations. In other cases the accepted binary phase diagrams are reproduced for the convenience of the reader. The selection of the binary systems used as a basis for the evaluation of the ternary system was at the discretion of the assessor. Landolt-Börnstein MSIT® New Series IV/11A1