CambridgeImperialandPost-ColonialStudiesSeries GeneralEditors:MeganVaughan,Kings’College,Cambridge,andRichardDrayton,Corpus ChristiCollege,Cambridge Thisinformativeseriescoversthebroadspanofmodernimperialhistorywhilealsoexploring therecentdevelopmentsinformercolonialstateswhereresiduesofempirecanstillbefound. The books provide in-depth examinations of empires as competing and complementary powerstructures,encouragingthereadertoreconsidertheirunderstandingofinternational andworldhistoryduringrecentcenturies. Titlesinclude: TonyBallantyne ORIENTALISMANDRACE AryanismintheBritishEmpire PeterF.BangandC.A.Bayly(editors) TRIBUTARYEMPIRESINGLOBALHISTORY JamesBeattie EMPIREANDENVIRONMENTALANXIETY,1800–1920 Health,AestheticsandConservationinSouthAsiaandAustralasia RobertJ.Blyth THEEMPIREOFTHERAJ EasternAfricaandtheMiddleEast,1858–1947 RoyBridges(editor) IMPERIALISM,DECOLONIZATIONANDAFRICA StudiesPresentedtoJohnHargreaves KitCandlin THELASTCARIBBEANFRONTIER,1795–1815 HilaryM.Carey(editor) EMPIRESOFRELIGION NandiniChatterjee THEMAKINGOFINDIANSECULARISM Empire,LawandChristianity,1830–1960 EsmeCleall MISSIONARYDISCOURSE NegotiatingDifferenceintheBritishEmpire,ca.1840–1895 T.J.Cribb(editor) IMAGINEDCOMMONWEALTH CambridgeEssaysonCommonwealthandInternationalLiteratureinEnglish MichaelS.Dodson ORIENTALISM,EMPIREANDNATIONALCULTUREINDIA,1770–1880 JostDülfferandMarcFrey(editors) ELITESANDDECOLONIZATIONINTHETWENTIETHCENTURY BronwenEverill ABOLITIONANDEMPIREINSIERRALEONEANDLIBERIA UlrikeHillemann ASIANEMPIREANDBRITISHKNOWLEDGE ChinaandtheNetworksofBritishImperialExpansion B.D.Hopkins THEMAKINGOFMODERNAFGHANISTAN RonaldHyam BRITAIN’SIMPERIALCENTURY,1815–1914 AStudyofEmpireandExpansion ThirdEdition IftekharIqbal THEBENGALDELTA Ecology,StateandSocialChange,1843–1943 BrianIreland THEUSMILITARYINHAWAI’I Colonialism,MemoryandResistance RobinJeffrey POLITICS,WOMENANDWELL-BEING HowKeralaBecamea‘Model’ GeroldKrozewski MONEYANDTHEENDOFEMPIRE BritishInternationalEconomicPolicyandtheColonies,1947–1958 JavedMajeed AUTOBIOGRAPHY,TRAVELANDPOST-NATIONALIDENTITY FrancineMcKenzie REDEFININGTHEBONDSOFCOMMONWEALTH1939–1948 ThePoliticsofPreference GabrielPaquette ENLIGHTENMENT,GOVERNANCEANDREFORMINSPAINANDITSEMPIRE1759–1808 SandhyaL.Polu PERCEPTIONOFRISK Policy-MakingonInfectiousDiseaseinIndia1892–1940 JenniferRegan-Lefebvre IRISHANDINDIAN TheCosmopolitanPoliticsofAlfredWebb RicardoRoque HEADHUNTINGANDCOLONIALISM AnthropologyandtheCirculationofHumanSkullsinthePortugueseEmpire,1870–1930 MichaelSilvestri IRELANDANDINDIA Nationalism,EmpireandMemory JohnSingletonandPaulRobertson ECONOMICRELATIONSBETWEENBRITAINANDAUSTRALASIA1945–1970 JuliaTischler LIGHTANDPOWERFORAMULTIRACIALNATION TheKaribaDamSchemeintheCentralAfricanFederation AparnaVaidik IMPERIALANDAMANS ColonialEncounterandIslandHistory JonE.Wilson THEDOMINATIONOFSTRANGERS ModernGovernanceinEasternIndia,1780–1835 CambridgeImperialandPost-ColonialStudiesSeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–333–91908–8(Hardback) 978–0–333–91909–5(Paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder. Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwith yournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England. Light and Power for a Multiracial Nation The Kariba Dam Scheme in the Central African Federation Julia Tischler Researcher,Humboldt-UniversitätzuBerlin,Berlin,Germany ©JuliaTischler2013 Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedition2013 978–1–137–26876–1 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. 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ISBN 978-1-349-44361-1 ISBN 978-1-137-26877-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137268778 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 Contents ListofFigures vii Acknowledgements viii ListofAbbreviations xi Map xii Introduction 1 1 PlanningKariba 20 1.1 GlobalhighmodernismandtheKaribaDamscheme 20 1.2 ‘Scientific’decision-making? 24 1.3 Developingapowerfulwhitenation 29 1.4 Negotiatingdevelopment:TheKaribaloantalks 38 2 TheResettlement:PlanningandImplementation 52 2.1 Africandevelopmentandtheresettlementquestion 52 2.2 Adamagainstthe‘primitive’:Whitediscourseabout theGwembeTonga 60 2.3 RenegotiatingAfricandevelopment:Theresettlement inNorthernRhodesia 66 2.4 The‘efficiency’ofsettlerrule:Theresettlementin SouthernRhodesia 80 3 InterveningintheKaribaDamProject 92 3.1 Inthemiddleofdevelopment:HezekiahHabanyama andtheGwembeTongaNativeAuthority 92 3.2 Strugglingwithdevelopment:Theperspectives oftheGwembeTonga 107 3.3 Ablackdamforthepeople:Nationalistand left-wingcritiques 128 4 BuildingtheKaribaDam 153 4.1 Amicrocosmofthemodernnation:Controlling theKaribaconstructionsite 154 4.2 Coping,protesting,improvingtheirlives: Kariba’sworkers 184 v vi Contents 5 TheEndofJointDevelopment:PlanningLakeKariba 214 Conclusion 223 Notes 236 Bibliography 297 Index 316 Figures 2.1 ‘ABatonkawomansmokingahubble-bubblepipe’,Nigel Watts,CameraPressLondon;captiontakenfrom F.Clements(1959)Kariba.TheStrugglewiththeRiverGod (London:Methuen) 61 2.2 Gwemberesettlement,‘AnAfricaninaGstringis picturedashewatchestheunloadingofpossessions’ (PROINF10/380,no.5) 62 2.3 Gwemberesettlement,‘Foodsuppliesarehereseenbeing loadedintooneofthefleetoflorries’(PROINF10/380, no.6) 62 2.4 ‘ResettlementofvillagersintheKaribaDamarea’(PRO INF10/380,no.18) 63 4.1 ‘Africanlabourersbeingtaughttoclimbaladder’,Nshila, 9December1958(NationalArchivesofZambia) 161 4.2 DrawingsoftheKaribaconstructionsite,Nshila, 28December1958(NationalArchivesofZambia) 162 4.3 KaribaHeightsandAfricancompound,Brochure,Federal PowerBoard,‘Kariba.FederationofRhodesiaand Nyasaland’,undated,ca.after1958(RHLMSSWelensky 341/1) 165 4.4 HousingforEuropeanfamiliesatKaribaconstructionsite, ‘Karibabecomesmorepleasant’,RhodesianSpotlight, 1959(BritishPathé) 166 4.5 HousingforEuropeanbachelors,‘Karibabecomesmore pleasant’,RhodesianSpotlight,1959(BritishPathé) 167 4.6 AfricanhousingatKariba,RhodesiaHerald,27July1956 167 4.7 MemorialplateinStBarbara,Kariba,Zimbabwe 207 vii Acknowledgements This book exists because many people helped me. Firstly, I am deeply grateful to my supervisors Margit Szöllösi-Janze and Michael Bollig. Over the years, they have reliably supported my project by providing advice,criticalcomments,intellectualinput,andguidanceonpractical concerns.HerzlichenDank! This book is based on my PhD thesis, which was accepted by the Philosophische Fakultät, University of Cologne, Germany, in November 2011.Manymoreinstitutionsandindividualsensuredthatmyresearch couldproceedsmoothly.Apartfromfundingmyinitialarchivalstudies in the United Kingdom, the German Historical Institute London was a great academic environment to share first findings. The German Aca- demic Exchange Service enabled me to proceed with the project in Africa.DuringthemainphaseofresearchandwritingIwassupported– financially, but also morally and intellectually – by the Cusanuswerk foundation. In the various archives consulted, I was always lucky to meet committed members of staff. In the United Kingdom, I particularly wish to thank the archivists of the National Archives in Kew and Rhodes House Library, Oxford, where I spent many weeks of inten- sive research. Working in the National Archives of Zambia in Lusaka wasanextraordinarypleasure.Givingmevaluableadviceonthecollec- tions, Marja Hinfelaar set me on the right track from the start. Patient membersofstaffletmegothroughcopiousfiles,andthesincereinter- estsometookinmyprojectwashighlymotivating.Ialsowishtothank the archivists at the United National Independence Party Archives in Lusaka and in the National Archives of Malawi in Zomba, where I was alsoaverydemandingcustomer. Some of the most rewarding experiences during these years were the interviews I conducted with former Kariba workers. I am deeply gratefultoallthosewhosharedtheirmemorieswithmeandmadehis- tory come alive. In particular, I owe great debts of gratitude to †Mario Baldassarrini, who literally spent days answering my questions and putting me in touch with other informants. My oral history endeav- oursinZambiamightwellhavecometonothingifithadnotbeenfor JairosMazambani.NotonlydidhemanagetofindZambianinformants; viii Acknowledgements ix healsoaccompaniedmeonmytripstothecountrysideandtranslated mostoftheinterviews.Thankyousomuch! Throughout the years, I have relied on many other scholars. In roughly chronological order, I wish to thank Jan-Bart Gewald and RobertRossinLeidenfortheirenormoussupportindevelopingacon- vincing research design, putting me in contact with other researchers, and being there for me with whatever questions I had. Looking into related topics, JoAnn McGregor generously shared her thoughts and findings with me. Jan-Georg Deutsch invited me to spend a term at St Cross College in Oxford, allowing me to work in a new and stimu- lating environment and to receive fresh insights that helped my study progress. Duringthetime-consumingprocessofturningthedoctoralthesisinto a publishable book, I profited from the generosity of Andreas Eckert andFelicitasHentschkeattheInternationalResearchCenter‘Workand Human Lifecycle in Global History’ at Humboldt University in Berlin andtheadmirablepatienceofthestudentstaffthere. On a more personal note, I would like to thank the Rev. Markus Höyng for encouraging me in my interest in Africa. Without the sup- portofmyfamily,thisbookwouldnotexist.Iamverygratefulthatmy parents gave me the confidence and financial means to pursue such a long process of education. More than anyone else I have to thank my husband Daniel, who supported me with every aspect of this project – beitmundaneissuesoffunding,travellinginBritainandinZambia,or revisingdrafts.Itwasonlyhisunfalteringpreparednesstoengagewith myworkthatmadethistimeagreatexperienceforbothofus. With this book I complete what will certainly count among the best times of my life. I am immensely grateful for having had this opportunity – and somewhat embarrassed. There are certainly many Zambians who would love to conduct a similar study on this part of theircountry’shistory,butwillnevergetthechancetodoso.Ofcourse, anyone can write anyone’s history, but I hope that the day will come whenthereareasmanyZambiansenjoyingtheopportunitytoresearch GermanhistoryasthereareGermansinvestigatingZambia’spast. The author and publishers wish to thank the following for granting permissiontoreproducecopyrightmaterial: HarperCollins for ‘Map of Gwembe Valley’ drawn by Charles Green (MapI,reproducedfromD.Howarth(1961)TheShadowoftheDam).