This International Student Edition is for use outside of the U.S. Life The Essentials of Human Development Second Edition Gabriela Martorell SECOND EDITION LIFE Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10121. Copyright ©2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 24 23 22 21 ISBN 978-1-264-47934-4 MHID 1-264-47934-4 Cover Image: Yulia-Images/Getty Images All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered s t n e t n Preface xvi o c 1 About Human Development 6 Emerging and Young Adulthood t 1 The Study of Human Development 1 t 13 Physical and Cognitive Development f r r in Emerging and Young Adulthood 316 a 2 Theory and Research 15 a e p p 14 Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood 340 i r 2 Beginnings b t 3 Forming a New Life 40 7 Middle Adulthood r a 4 Birth and Physical Development during t 15 Physical and Cognitive Development p the First Three Years 71 r in Middle Adulthood 361 a 5 Cognitive Development during the p 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle First Three Years 104 Adulthood 383 6 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years 131 8 Late Adulthood 3 Early Childhood t 17 Physical and Cognitive Development r in Late Adulthood 409 a rt 7 Physical and Cognitive Development p 18 Psychosocial Development in Late in Early Childhood 159 a Adulthood 439 p 8 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood 190 9 The End of Life 4 Middle Childhood t 19 Dealing with Death and r Bereavement 465 a t 9 Physical and Cognitive Development p r in Middle Childhood 216 a Glossary G-1 p 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle Bibliography B-1 Childhood 245 Name Index I-1 Subject Index I-29 5 Adolescence t 11 Physical and Cognitive Development ® McGraw Hill Education r in Adolescence 268 Psychology a APA Documentation p 12 Psychosocial Development in Style Guide Adolescence 295 iii s t n e Preface xvi t1 About Human Development Basic Research Designs 31 n Developmental Research Designs 34 t r chapter 1 Ethics of Research 36 oa p The Study of Human The Open Science Movement 36 Research with Human Participants 37 Development  c 1 summary and key terms 39 Human Development: An Ever-Evolving Field 2 Window on the World The Purpose Studying the Life Span 2 of Cross-Cultural Research 32 Human Development Today 2 Research in Action Pregnancy and The Study of Human Development: Alcohol 38 Basic Concepts 2 Domains of Development 3 Periods of the Life Span 3 2 Beginnings Influences on Development 6 t Heredity, Environment, and Maturation 6 r chapter 3 a Contexts of Development 6 p Forming a New Life 40 Normative and Nonnormative Influences 11 Conceiving New Life 41 Critical or Sensitive Periods 11 Fertilization 41 The Life-Span Developmental Approach 12 Multiple Births 41 summary and key terms 14 Mechanisms of Heredity 42 Window on the World Immigrant Families 10 The Genetic Code 42 Research in Action Baby Talk: Cultural Differences What Determines Sex? 43 in Infant-Directed Speech 13 Patterns of Genetic Transmission 44 Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities 47 chapter 2 Genetic Counseling and Testing 50 Theory and Research  15 Nature and Nurture 51 Basic Theoretical Issues 16 Studying Heredity and Environment 51 Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive? 16 Interactions of Heredity and Issue 2: Is Development Continuous Environment 52 or Discontinuous? 17 Prenatal Development 54 Theoretical Perspectives 17 Stages of Prenatal Development 54 Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic 17 Maternal Influences 59 Perspective 2: Learning 21 Paternal Influences  66 Perspective 3: Cognitive 22 Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Perspective 4: Contextual 25 Development 66 Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological 26 Disparities in Prenatal Care 67 Theories and the Research process 27 summary and key terms 69 Research Methods 27 Research in Action Epigenetics and Quantitative and Qualitative Research 27 Identical Twins 46 Sampling 28 Window on the World Prenatal Care Forms of Data Collection 29 Around the World 68 iv chapter 4 Psychometric Approach 106 Birth and Physical Development Testing Infants and Toddlers 106 during the First Three Years  Assessing the Early Home Environment 107 71 Early Intervention 107 Childbirth, Culture and Change 72 Piagetian Approach 108 The Birth Process 73 Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage 108 Stages of Childbirth 73 Imitation 109 Electronic Fetal Monitoring 74 Object Concept 110 Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery 75 Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage 113 Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery 75 Information-Processing Approach 113 Childbirth and the COVID-19 Pandemic 77 Habituation 113 The Newborn Baby 77 Tools of infant research 114 Size and Appearance 77 Perceptual processes 114 Body Systems 78 Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence 115 Medical and Behavioral Assessment 78 Information Processing and Piagetian Abilities 115 States of Arousal 79 Evaluating Information-Processing Research 118 Complications of Childbirth 79 Cognitive Neuroscience Approach 118 Low Birth Weight 80 Social-Contextual Approach 119 Postmaturity 82 Stillbirth 82 Language Development 120 Survival and Health 83 Classic Theories of Language Acquisition 120 Early Language Development 121 Reducing Infant Mortality 83 Characteristics of Early Speech 126 Immunization for Better Health 85 Variations in Language Development 126 Early Physical Development 86 Influences on Early Language Development 127 Principles of Development 86 summary and key terms 129 Growth Patterns 87 Nutrition 88 Research in Action Research-Based Recommendations for Babies and Media Use 112 The Brain and Reflex Behavior 89 Window on the World Children’s Books as Early Sensory Capacities 95 Socialization Tools 128 Motor Development 97 Milestones of Motor Development 97 chapter 6 Ethnic and Cultural Influences  99 Psychosocial Development during Motor Development and Perception 100 the First Three Years  131 The Ecological Theory of Perception 100 Foundations of Psychosocial Development 132 Dynamic Systems Theory 101 Emotions 132 summary and key terms 102 Temperament 135 Window on the World Malnutrition: Early Social Experience: The Family 138 The First Years 90 Gender 139 Research in Action The Etiology of Autism 92 Developmental Issues in Infancy 140 Developing Trust 140 chapter 5 Developing Attachments 140 Cognitive Development during Emotional Communication with Caregivers 144 the First Three Years  104 Social Referencing 146 Cognitive Development: Six Approaches 105 Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood 146 Behaviorist Approach 105 The Emerging Sense of Self 146 Classical and Operant Conditioning 105 Development of Autonomy 147 Infant Memory 105 Socialization Processes 148 CONTENTS   LIFE: THE ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT v Peer Influences 150 Language Development 182 Sibling Interactions 150 Vocabulary 182 Interactions with Nonsiblings  151 Grammar and Syntax 183 Maternal Employment and Child Care 152 Pragmatics and Social Speech 183 Effects of Maternal Employment 152 Private Speech 184 Early Child Care 153 Delayed Language Development 185 Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect 154 Preparation for Literacy 185 Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood 155 Early Childhood Education 185 Ecological Perspective on Abuse 155 Preschool 185 Helping Families in Trouble 156 Kindergarten 187 Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment 157 summary and key terms 188 summary and key terms 157 Research in Action Food Deserts, Food Research in Action Postpartum Depression 145 Swamps, and Obesity 166 Window on the World The Terrible Twos? 148 Window on the World Surviving the First 5 Years of Life 168 3 Early Childhood chapter 8 t Psychosocial Development in r chapter 7 a Early Childhood  190 p Physical and Cognitive Development The Developing Self 191 in Early Childhood  159 The Self-Concept  191 Physical Development 160 Self-Esteem 192 Bodily Growth and Change 160 Regulating Emotions 193 Sleep Patterns and Problems 160 Understanding Emotions 194 Brain Development 162 Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt 194 Motor Skills 163 Gender 195 Health and Safety 164 Gender Differences 195 Obesity and Overweight 165 Perspectives on Gender Development 196 Undernutrition 165 Play 202 Allergies 167 Cognitive Levels of Play 202 Deaths and Accidental Injuries 167 The Social Dimension of Play 204 Environmental Influences on Health 169 Gender Differences in Play 205 Cognitive Development: Piagetian Approach 170 Cultural Influences on Play 205 Advances of Preoperational Thought 170 Parenting 206 Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought 173 Forms of Discipline 206 Theory of Mind 175 Parenting Styles 208 Media and Cognition 178 Other Behavioral Concerns 209 Memory Development: Information-Processing Approach 179 Relationships with Other Children 211 Basic Processes and Capacities 179 Sibling Relationships 212 Recognition and Recall 179 The Only Child 213 Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories 180 Playmates and Friends 213 Intelligence: Psychometric and Vygotskian summary and key terms 214 Approaches 181 Research in Action The Adaptive Value Traditional Psychometric Measures 181 of Play 203 Influences on Measured Intelligence 181 Window on the World Cultural Variations Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky’s Theory 182 in Age Segregation 212 vi LIFE: THE ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS 4 Middle Childhood chapter 10 Psychosocial Development in t r chapter 9 Middle Childhood 245 a p Physical and Cognitive The Developing Self 246 Development in Middle Self-Concept Development 246 Childhood  Industry versus Inferiority 246 216 Emotional Development 246 Physical Development 217 Family Influences 247 Height and Weight 217 Family Atmosphere 248 Brain Development 217 Family Structure 250 Health, Fitness, and Safety 218 Sibling Relationships 255 Sleep 218 Peer Influences 256 Tooth Decay and Dental Care 218 Positive and Negative Peer Influences 256 Nutrition 219 Gender and Peer Groups 256 Physical Activity and FItness 219 Popularity 257 Obesity and Overweight 220 Friendship 257 Other Medical Conditions 222 Aggression  258 Accidental Injuries 224 Mental Health 262 Cognitive Development: Piagetian Common Emotional Problems 262 Approach 224 Treatment for Emotional Disturbances 265 Cognitive Advances 224 Resilience 265 Cultural Influences on Piagetian Task summary and key terms 266 Performance 227 Window on the World Bullying: A Worldwide Information-Processing Approach 228 Problem 261 Executive Functioning 228 Research in Action Children’s Responses Selective Attention 229 to Trauma 264 Working Memory 229 Metamemory and Mnemonic Strategies 229 5 Adolescence Psychometric Approach 230 t The IQ Controversy 231 r chapter 11 a Influences on IQ 231 Physical and Cognitive Development p Specific Intelligence Factors 232 in Adolescence  268 Other Intelligence Tests 234 Adolescence as a Social Construction 269 Language and Literacy 235 Physical Development in Puberty 269 Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax 235 Hormonal Changes in puberty 269 Pragmatics 235 Timing and Sequence of Puberty  269 Second-Language Learning 235 The Adolescent Brain 274 Becoming Literate 236 Physical and Mental Health 275 The Child in School 237 Physical Activity 275 Influences on School Achievement 237 Sleep 276 Educating Children with Special Needs 241 Nutrition, Weight, and Eating Disorders 276 Children with Learning Problems 241 Substance Abuse  280 Gifted Children 242 Depression 282 Death in Adolescence 283 summary and key terms 243 Aspects of Cognitive Maturation 284 Research in Action Barbies and Body Image 222 Formal Operations 284 Window on the World Culture and IQ 233 Language Development 285 CONTENTS   LIFE: THE ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT vii Moral Reasoning 286 Physical Health and Fitness 317 Prosocial Reasoning and Behavior  288 Health Status and Insurance Coverage 317 Educational and Vocational Issues 289 Genetic Influences on Health 318 Influences on School Achievement 289 Behavioral Influences on Health 319 Dropping Out of High School 291 Indirect Influences on Health 325 Other Vocational Issues 292 Mental Health Problems 326 summary and key terms 293 Sexual and Reproductive Issues 328 Window on the World Adolescent Overweight Sexual Behavior and Attitudes 328 and Obesity 277 Sexually Transmitted Infections 329 Research in Action Teens and Media Menstrual Disorders 329 Multitasking 292 Infertility 330 Perspectives on Adult Cognition 331 chapter 12 Postformal Thought 331 Psychosocial Development Reflective Thinking 332 in Adolescence 295 Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 333 The Search for Identity 296 Emotional Intelligence 333 Psychosocial Theory  296 Moral Reasoning 333 Identity Status 296 Critiques of Kohlberg’s Approach 334 Racial and Ethnic influences on Identity Formation 298 Culture, Religion, and Moral Reasoning 334 Identity Development in Sexual Minority Youth 298 Education and Work 335 Sexuality 299 College 335 Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity 299 Work 337 Sexual Behavior 300 summary and key terms 338 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) 302 Window on the World Internet Addiction 323 Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing 304 Research in Action In Vitro Fertilization 331 Sexual Education 305 Relationships  306 chapter 14 Adolescents and Parents 306 Psychosocial Development Sibling Relationships in Adolescence 309 in Emerging and Young Peer Influences in Adolescence 310 Adulthood  340 Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency 313 Developmental Tasks of Emerging Biological influences 313 Adulthood 341 Environmental Influences 313 Paths to Adulthood 341 Preventing and Treating Delinquency 314 Identity Development 341 summary and key terms 315 Models of Personality Development 343 Window on the World Cultural Values Normative-Stage Models 343 and Identity Formation 297 Timing-of-Events Model 345 Research in Action Teen Dating and Technology 312 Trait Models 345 Typological Models 346 6 Emerging and Young Adulthood Relationships in Emerging Adulthood 346 t Relationships with Parents 346 r chapter 13 a Friendship 347 p Physical and Cognitive Love 348 Development in Emerging Marital and Nonmarital Lifestyles 349 and Young Adulthood  316 Single Life 349 Emerging Adulthood 317 Gay and Lesbian Relationships 349 viii LIFE: THE ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS Cohabitation 350 Work and Cognitive Development 380 Marriage 351 The Mature Learner 381 Parenthood 355 summary and key terms 382 Cultural and Contextual Influences 355 Window on the World Cultural Differences Relationship Dynamics 355 in Menopause 366 Dual-Income Families 356 Research in Action Andropause and Testosterone When Marriage Ends 357 Replacement  368 Divorce 357 Remarriage and Stepparenthood 359 chapter 16 summary and key terms 359 Psychosocial Development Window on the World Popular Wedding Traditions in Middle Adulthood  Across Cultures 352 383 Research in Action Intimate Partner Violence 358 Change at Midlife 384 Psychosocial Theory and Midlife 384 Generativity versus Stagnation 384 7 Middle Adulthood Issues and Themes 385 The Social Clock 385 t The Midlife Crisis 386 r chapter 15 a Change and Stability in Midlife 388 p Physical and Cognitive Personality  388 Development in Middle Emotional Development 388 Adulthood  361 Identity Development 389 Middle Age: A Social Construct 362 Positive Mental Health at Midlife 391 Physical Changes 362 Relationships at Midlife 392 Sensory Functioning 362 Theories of Social Contact 392 Physical Fitness 363 Relationships and Well-Being 393 The Brain at Midlife 363 Consensual Relationships 394 Structural and systemic Changes 364 Marriage 394 Sexuality and Reproductive Functioning 365 Cohabitation 395 Physical and Mental Health 368 Divorce 396 Physical Health at Midlife 368 Gay and Lesbian Relationships 397 Behavioral Influences on Health 369 Friendships 398 Socioeconomic Status and Health 370 Relationships with Maturing Children 399 Race/Ethnicity and Health 370 Adolescent Children 399 Gender and Health 371 The Empty Nest 399 Mental Health at Midlife 374 Adult Children 400 Stress at Midlife 375 Voluntary Childlessness 401 Cognitive Performance 376 Other Kinship Ties 401 The Seattle Longitudinal Study 376 Relationships with Aging Parents 401 Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 377 Relationships with Siblings 404 Adult Cognition 378 Grandparenthood 405 Expertise 378 summary and key terms 407 Integrative Thought 378 Research in Action Midlife Career Creativity 379 Change 386 Work and Education 380 Window on the World The Global Sandwich Work versus Early Retirement 380 Generation 402 CONTENTS   LIFE: THE ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ix